Cybertelecom Federal Internet Law & Policy An Educational Project

Wireless

Derived From: FCC WTB Broadband Opportunities Wireless Broadband Services

"Wireless broadband services transmit data and information at high speeds using wireless links. Such data and information can include a wide range of content and applications that are accessed over the Internet, including web sites, e-mail, instant messaging, music, games, or data stored on a corporate server. Wireless broadband Internet access services can be provided using mobile, fixed, or portable technologies. These technologies can transmit data over short, medium, or long ranges, and can use licensed spectrum and/or unlicensed devices. Some of the wireless broadband Internet access technologies in use today include CDMA 1x EV-DO (EV-DO), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), and Wi-Fi.

"Mobile broadband technologies enable subscribers to access the Internet while traveling at high speeds via a mobile handset, a smartphone, or a wireless modem card connected to a laptop computer or PDA. Mobile broadband technologies used by carriers in the United States, such as EV-DO and WCDMA/HSPDA, are capable of transmitting data at speeds ranging in excess of 400 kbps.

"Technologies such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) enable providers to offer wireless broadband services that are often considered "portable" in nature. Providers using licensed spectrum in the BRS/EBS and WCS spectrum currently offer services that enable their subscribers to access the Internet with portable, "plug-and-play" modem devices that attach to a desktop or laptop computer and do not require a direct line-of-sight between the transmitter and the receiver. Customers can transport these modem devices to other locations in the provider's coverage area where a network signal is available, though they may not have the ability to maintain a connection while traveling at high speeds with handoff. Most devices are currently manufactured in accordance with vendor-specific, proprietary standards; however, standardized, 802.16 WiMAX equipment is being developed. Typical downstream speeds for portable wireless broadband services range from 768 kbps to 1.5 Mbps, and networks can extend five to 30 miles.

"Wireless broadband Internet access services offered over fixed networks allow consumers to access the Internet from a fixed point while stationary and often require a direct line-of-sight between the wireless transmitter and receiver. These services have been offered using both licensed spectrum and unlicensed devices. For example, thousands of small Wireless Internet Services Providers (WISPs) provide such wireless broadband at speeds of around one Mbps using unlicensed devices, often in rural areas not served by cable or wireline broadband networks. These networks typically have a reach of one to five miles, and customers must have a rooftop antenna that can establish a line-of-sight connection with the network transmitter.

"Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) provide wireless broadband access over shorter distances and are often used to extend the reach of a "last-mile" wireline or fixed wireless broadband connection within a home, building, or campus environment. The range of a typical WLAN is approximately 100 to 300 feet. The most prevalent WLAN equipment is manufactured in accordance with the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, commonly known as "Wi-Fi," short for wireless fidelity. Wi-Fi networks use unlicensed devices and operate under Part 15 of the FCC's rules applicable to frequency hopping systems in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. Wi-Fi networks can transfer data at speeds of up to 11 Mbps for 802.11b and up to 54 Mbps for 802.11a and 802.11g. They can be designed for private access within a home or business, or can be used for public Internet access at "hot spots" such as restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, airports, convention centers, and city parks.

"Personal area network technologies, such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Ultra-Wideband (UWB), are used to transmit data over very short distances, such as a few meters or across a room. They are often used to provide interconnectivity among mobile devices and between mobile and desktop devices, serving as a replacement for wires and cables that connect different electronic devices together. The data transfer rates range from around 300 kbps with ZigBee to 100 Mbps with UWB.

Frequency	Comment
20 Hz - 20 kHz	Human hearing
10 kHz	Wavelength is 30 km. Waves penetrate significant distance into water. Use: Communication with submarines.
100 kHz	Wavelength 3 km. Use: Navigation
1000 kHz	Wavelength: 300 meters. AM Broadcasting
10 MHz	Wavelength: 30 meters. Interesting property: ionospheric reflection. Use: CB radio, HF broadcasting
55-88 MHz	TV Channels 2-6
72 - 76 MHz	Radio Control Radio Service "A one-way, short-distance, non-voice radio service for on/off operation of devices at places distant from the operator. "
88-108 MHz	FM Broadcasting
100 MHz	Wavelength: 3 meters. Use: FM Broadcasting. TV broadcasting.
151 - 154 MHz	Multi Use Radio Service "Private, two-way, short-distance voice or datacommunications service for personal or business activities of the general public. "
152 - 159 MHz	"Rural Radiotelephone Service is a fixed radio service where a wireless technology is used to provide telephone service to subscribers in remote areas. Conventional Rural Radiotelephone stations may employ standard duplex, analog technology similar to that of pre-cellular mobile telephone service. "
162 MHz	NOAA Weather Radio
175-215 MHz	TV Channels 7-13
216 - 217 MHz	Low Power Radio Service " The LPRS is a private, one-way short-distance communication service providing auditory assistance to persons with disabilities, persons who require language translation, and persons in educational settings, health care assistance to the ill, law enforcement tracking services in cooperation with a law enforcement agency, and point-to-point network control communications for Automated Marine Telecommunications System (AMTS) coast stations. Two-way voice communications are prohibited. "
218 - 219 MHz	General Mobile Radio Service "short-distance communication service designed for licensees to transmit information, product, and service offerings to subscribers and receive interactive responses within a specified service area. Mobile operation is permitted. Rules permit both common carrier and private operations, as well as one- and two-way communications. Potential applications include ordering goods or services offered by television services, viewer polling, remote meter reading, vending inventory control, and cable television theft deterrence."
220 MHz	" There are 2 megahertz of spectrum allocated for the 220 MHz Service. Initially spectrum was divided into 200 base side channels (220 MHz to 221 MHz) and 200 mobile side channels (221 MHz to 222 MHz) with the channels assigned in pairs and each base channel one megahertz below its corresponding mobile channel. The 200 base side channels are each spaced 5 KHz apart and were initially awarded on a first come first served site specific basis with mutually exclusive applications filed on the same day awarded via lottery. Because of the large number of applications filed in the first few weeks that the band became available, an application freeze was placed into effect. The freeze remained in effect for various reasons until new licensing rules became effective, and the channels were grouped into blocks of spectrum and awarded via geographic area auctions with the geographic area licensees required to provide protection to incumbents ( Rule 90.763 ). "
402-405 MHz	"The Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) is an ultra-low power, unlicensed, mobile radio service for transmitting data in support of diagnostic or therapeutic functions associated with implanted medical devices. The MICS permits individuals and medical practitioners to utilize ultra-low power medical implant devices, such as cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators, without causing interference to other users of the electromagnetic radio spectrum."
406 MHz	" On July 1, 2003, the FCC authorized the use of Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs). PLBs will provide a distress and alerting capacity for use by the general public in life-threatening situations in remote environments after all other means of notifying search and rescue (SAR) responders (e.g., telephone, radio) have been exhausted. For example, if you are a hiker, camper, backpacker, kayaker, etc. and are out of cell phone range, a PLB, which is a small transmitter that sends out a personalized emergency distress signal, is a highly effective and internationally recognized way to summon help. "
417 - 890 MHz	TV Channels 14-83
454 - 460 MHz	"Rural Radiotelephone Service is a fixed radio service where a wireless technology is used to provide telephone service to subscribers in remote areas. Conventional Rural Radiotelephone stations may employ standard duplex, analog technology similar to that of pre-cellular mobile telephone service. "
462 - 467 MHz	"Family Radio Service (FRS) is one of the Citizens Band Radio Services. It is used by family, friends and associates to communicate within a neighborhood and while on group outings and has a communications range of less than one mile. You can not make a telephone call with an FRS unit. You may use your FRS unit for business-related communications. "
476 - 493 MHz	"The Offshore Radiotelephone Service allows Commercial Mobile Radio Service (CMRS) providers to use conventional duplex analog technology to provide telephone service to subscribers located on (or in helicopters en route to) oil exploration and production platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. "
700 MHz	FCC 700 MHz Page.  Service to be auctioned in 30 MHz bands
800 MHz	Cell Phones
901-902 MHz	Narrowband PCS
902-928 MHz	LMS Part 15 Ultra Wide Band Shared between Location and monitoring service and Part 15 operations. Power limit: 1W to 6dbi Antenna or + 36dBm (4W EIRP).  Frequency Hopping or DSSS. 26 MHz total band. Cordless Phones.
929 MHz	Private Land Mobile Paging " Not-for-profit paging that serves a licensee's internal communications needs. "
930-931 MHz 940-941 MHz	Narrowband PCS " Used to provide such services as two-way paging and other text-based services. Licensees also use the spectrum to offer wireless telemetry which is the monitoring of mobile or fixed equipment in a remote location. "
1000 MHz	Wavelength: 30 cm. Use: Cellular radio, top of UHF TV band
1227.6 MHz	GPS
1575.42 MHz	GPS
1.62 GHz	Satellite Phone L Band
1710 - 1755 MHz	Advanced Wireless Service
1800-1900 MHz	Cell Phones
1850 - 1990 MHz	Broadband PCS " Broadband PCS is primarily used to provide a variety of services, such as digital mobile phones and wireless internet access. These services are also called mobile telephone services and mobile data services. " 47 C.F.R. Part 24
2155 MHz	Advanced Wireless Service
2200 MHz	3G Cell Phones
2.30 - 2.36 GHz	Wireless Communications Service "The Wireless Communications Service is primarily used to provide fixed, mobile, radiolocation or satellite communication services to individuals and businesses. " Satellite Phone narrow band
2.4 GHz 2400-2483.5 MHz	Part 15 SuperNet Unlicensed Spectrum short-range, high speed (54Mbps) wireless digital. Large bandwidth (83.5 MHz). Can be used for last mile access, wireless networking, and line of sight over distance. Unaffected by weather. Bluetooth.
2495 - 2690 MHz	Broadband Radio Service " formerly known as the Multipoint Distribution Service (MDS)/Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS), is a commercial service. In the past, it was generally used for the transmission of data and video programming to subscribers using high-powered systems, also known as wireless cable. However, over the years, the uses have evolved to include digital two-way systems capable of providing high-speed, high-capacity broadband service, including two-way Internet service via cellularized communication systems. Such services provide consumers integrated access to voice, high-speed data, video-on-demand, and interactive delivery services from a wireless device. "
2496-2690	"The Educational Broadband Service (EBS) , formerly known as the Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS), is an educational service that has generally been used for the transmission of instructional material to accredited educational institutions and non-educational institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes, training centers, and rehabilitation centers using high-powered systems. Our recent revamping of the EBS spectrum will now make it possible for EBS users to continue their instructional services utilizing low-power broadband systems while also providing students with high-speed internet access."
2600-2700 MHz	MMDS Range 35 miles.  Not as vulnerable to the weather. Line of sight required. See ITFS proceeding. Sprint 30%; Nextel 40%.
3.65-3.7 GHz	Unlicensed
3.7 - 4.2 GHz	C-band Satellite Down Link The C-band satellite downlink, also used by fixed service stations
4.3 GHz	Emergency
4.9 GHz	Public Safety Band
5.0 - 5.15 GHz	Air traffic control operations
5.091 - 5.25	"WRC-95 allocated this band on a primary basis to fixed-satellite (Earth-to-space) service (FSS uplinks) to provide feeder links for non geostationary satellite systems in the mobile satellite service (MSS) on a coprimary basis with government aeronautical radionavigation."
5.15-5.25 GHz	Part 15 SuperNet Unlicensed Spectrum short-range, high speed wireless digital. Indoor Use and campus links. 50mW. OFDM. 100 MHz total per band, 4 channels each band, 20 MHz spacing.
5.25-5.35 GHz	Part 15 SuperNet Unlicensed Spectrum 250mW in to 6dBi Antenna or +30  dBm (1W EIRP). OFDM. 100 MHz total per band, 4 channels each band, 20 MHz spacing.
5.47 - 5.725	WRC
5.725-5.825 GHz	Part 15 SuperNet Unlicensed Spectrum short-range, high speed wireless digital. Can be used for last mile access, wireless networking, and line of sight over distance. 1W in to 6 dBi Antenna or + 36dBm (4W EIRP). Cordless phones.
5850 - 5925 MHz	" On December 17, 2003 the Commission adopted a Report and Order establishing licensing and service rules for the Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Service in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Radio Service in the 5.850-5.925 GHz band (5.9 GHz band). The DSRC Service involves vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications, helping to protect the safety of the traveling public. It can save lives by warning drivers of an impending dangerous condition or event in time to take corrective or evasive actions. The band is also eligible for use by non-public safety entities for commercial or private DSRC operations. "
5.925 - 6.425 GHz	C-band Satellite Up Link The C-band satellite uplink, also used by fixed service stations
6.525 - 6.875 GHz	Governmental, industrial, communications carrier, and transportation licensees use this general-purpose fixed microwave band.
10 GHz	Wavelength: 3 cm. Properties: higher ranges affected by intense rain. Use: Satellite Data and TV, point to point communications, radar
10.55 - 10.6 GHz	fixed microwave links, backhaul, connecting cell sites with the central switch in a cellular system...
10.7 - 11.7 GHz	terrestrial fixed links . KU Band Satellite.
12.2 - 12.7 GHz	Multichannel Video Distribution and Data Service multichannel video, data, or digital audio service
	Upperbands
24+ GHz	Bands 24 GHz and above.  Data rates of up to 155 Mbps.  Suffer signal loss in adverse weather.  Greater requirement for line of sight transmission.
24 GHz	24 GHz Fixed Wireless Formerly Digital Electronic Messaging Service Fixed wireless.  10 year license term.  Licensed in 40 MHz pairs, can use contiguous bandwidth up to 200 MHz through aggregation.
28 GHz	LMDS Auction
39 GHZ	Wireless Cable
	Satellite
12.2-12.7 GHz	Non-geostationary satellite orbit fixed-satellite service
47.2 to 48.2 GHz	Strospheric Platforms Skystation
92-95 GHz	FCC OET will reportedly issue an NOI in late 2000 concerning possible uses of band including licensed and unlicensed use.  Band is currently used for military communications.

Law

• Radio Acts of 1912 and 1927. Fed Gov takes over spectrum management. Allocates use between private and govt users. Emergency and military needs have priority. Airwaves are a scarce public resource licensed for private use under a public interest standard. Cannot broadcast without a license.
  • The Radio Act of 1927, Pub. L. No. 632, Feb. 23, 1927, 69 th Cong
• Communications Act of 1934: Combined elements of the Radio Act of 1927 in Title III and elements of ICC common carrier regulation in Title II

Regulation

• Ch. Martin testified before the Feb. 1, 2007 Senate Commerce Committee that he has a draft order declaring that Internet over Wireless is an Information Service
  

Spectrum Policy Task Force

Derived From: Kenneth Carter, Ahmed Lahjouji, Neal McNeal, Unlicensed and Unshackled: A Joint OSP-OET White Paper on Unlicensed Devices and Their Regulatory Issues, OSP Working Paper 39 p 11 (May 2004)

In a more recent effort to address spectrum access issues, the FCC established a Spectrum Policy Task Force in June 2002. The Task Force was composed of senior staff members from several FCC Bureaus and Offices who were asked to assist the FCC in identifying and evaluating changes in spectrum policy necessary to reflect advances in technology that were likely to increase the public benefits from spectrum use. In November 2002, the Task Force released its findings. Its report noted that, while certain frequency bands are heavily used, many bands either are not in use in all geographic areas or are only heavily used part of the time. Furthermore, the Task Force determined, that these characteristics served to limit access to available spectrum and that such limitations are a more significant problem than the physical scarcity of spectrum itself. The report identified three unique approaches to spectrum policy based on the establishment of a set of legal rights: 1) an exclusive use approach; 2) a commons approach; and 3) a command-and-control approach. 19

The Task Force urged that the FCC evolve its spectrum policy from its traditional "command and control" model to a more market-oriented approach to achieve spectral efficiency. The Task Force set out four key recommendations to accomplish this policy reform. Recommendations include:

1. Migrate toward more flexible, consumer-oriented policies. The Task Force recommended that the Commission evolve its spectrum policy toward more flexible and market-oriented spectrum policies that will provide incentives for users to migrate to more technologically innovative and economically efficient uses of spectrum.

2. Adopt quantitative standards to provide interference protection: interference temperature. The Task Force recommended the creation of a quantitative standard for acceptable interference that provides both greater certainty for licensees and greater access to unused spectrum for unlicensed operators.

3. Improve access through the time dimension. The Task Force found that new technological developments now permit the Commission to increasingly consider the use of time, in addition to frequency, power and space, as an added dimension permitting more dynamic allocation and assignment of spectrum usage rights. This would provide access to unused or underused spectrum through time-sharing of spectrum between multiple users and lead to more efficient use of the spectrum resource.

4. Shift from "command and control" model to exclusive and commons models. The Task Force recommended that the Commission base its spectrum policy on a balance of three spectrum rights models: an exclusive use approach, a commons approach and, to a more limited degree, a command-and-control approach. While the command-and-control model currently dominates today's policy, the Task Force recommended altering the balance to provide greater use of both the exclusive use and commons models throughout the radio spectrum and limiting the use of the command-and-control model to those instances where there are compelling public policy reasons, such as some public safety applications. To the extent feasible, more spectrum should be identified for both licensed and unlicensed uses under flexible rules and existing spectrum that is subject to more restrictive command-andcontrol regulation should over time be transitioned to these models.

On of the most notable of the Task Force's recommendations, from an unlicensed device perspective, is that it urges the adoption of an "interference temperature." The new metric would allow the FCC to quantify and manage interference on a band-by-band basis, by establishing limits on the noise environment in which receivers would be required to operate. To the extent, however, that the interference temperature in a particular band is not reached, the report argues, users who emit energy below that temperature could operate more flexibly - with the interference temperature serving as the maximum cap on the potential RF energy any device could introduce into the band.

Notes

• Radio spectrum is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum used for communications.
  • What spectrum can be used for depends on its physical characteristics
    • High or low frequency
    • Amount of bandwidth
  • It is assumed that spectrum is finite (researchers working on smart radios are trying to challenge this)
• Frequency is the number of times per second a radio wave undergoes a complete cycle
  • Hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per second
  • Kilohertz (kHz) = 1 thousand cycles per second
  • Megahertz (MHz) = 1 million cycles per second
  • Gigahertz (GHz) - 1 billion cycles per second
• Wavelength = (speed of light) / (frequency)
• Amplitude = signal strength or power
• Interference: Effect of unwanted energy due to one or a combination of emissions, radiations, or inductions under reception in a radio communications system, manifested by any performance degradation, misinterpretation, or loss of information which could be extracted in the absence of such unwanted energy. 47 CFR 2.1
• Bandwidth: Amount of spectrum a signal occupies
• Dramatic cost reduction of wireless broadband technology. Increasing processing power; new modulation techniques making better use of spectrum; improvements in antenna and radio technology; architectural improvements.
• New Builds
  • Advantage over wireline: physical trench from street or drop from poles for each house. Physical connect at street by installer. Cost of drop cabling. Mode of wireline modem. Onsite installation.
  • Wireless: shared wireless network access point - no physical connection. Cost of wireless modem. No on site visit (truck role).
  • But wireless unlikely to have enough capacity to compete for full service video for 5-7 years?? (Stagg Newman in 2006)

• Wireless Broadband Access Task Force Seeks Public Comment on Task Force Report. Public Notice GN Docket No. 04-163, FCC 3/9/2005
• Wireless Broadband Access Task Force Seeks Public Comment on Task Force Report. Report,, FCC 3/9/2005

Whitespace

• FCC rejects 'white space'-sniffing device, CNET 8/14/2007
• FCC Says White-Space Spectrum Device Doesn't Work, Techdirt 8/9/2007
• Prototype Internet Device Fails FCC Test, Wash Post 8/9/2007

M2Z

• FCC Denies M2Z's Free Broadband Plan - Thanks, but no thanks..., DSLreports 9/4/2007
• FCC Not Convinced To Just Hand Over Spectrum To Startup In Exchange For Potential Future Profits, Techdirt
• FCC rejects free Wi-Fi start-up's spectrum plans, CNET 9/4/2007
• FCC Releases Order Dismissing Applications and Petitions for Forebearance by Various Companies in 2155-2175 MHz Band., FCC 9/4/2007
• FCC Ignoring Free Wireless Broadband Proposal?, Internet News 8/20/2007
• Start-up wants Feds to decide on free Wi-Fi plans, CNET 8/20/2007

800 Mhz

• Released: 05/27/2005. WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS BUREAU ANNOUNCES THAT 800 MHZ BAND RECONFIGURATION WILL COMMENCE JUNE 27, 2005, IN THE NPSPAC REGIONS ASSIGNED TO WAVE 1 AND SPECIFIES 800 MHZ RECONFIGURATION BENCHMARK COMPLIANCE DATES. (DA No. 05-1546). (Dkt No 02-55). WTB. Contact: Roberto Mussenden, Esq. at (202) 418-0680, email: Roberto.Mussenden@fcc.gov, TTY: (202) 418-7233, FCC 6/3/2005
• FCC creates web site for 800 MHz users, Topix 1/14/2005
• FCC PAVES THE WAY FOR NEW BROADBAND SERVICES IN THE AIR. The Commission adopted a flexible approach for licensing the 4 MHz of spectrum in the 800 MHz band currently dedicated to commercial air-ground service. News Release. Adopted: 12/15/2004. News Media Contact: Lauren Patrich at (202) 418-7944, Lauren.Patrich@fcc.gov WTB. Contact Richard Arsenault 202-418-0920, FCC 12/21/2004

2496-2690 MHz

• FCC Modifies Rules for 2496-2690 MHz Broadband Radio Service (BRS)/Educational Broadband Service (EBS) Spectrum Band to

Interference Temperature Operation, Fed Reg 5/30/2007

Priceless (Antenna Construction), Odessa 5/14/03

ITFS, MDS, MMDS Proceeding

Released: 03/18/2003. WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS BUREAU ANNOUNCES ACTION ON RESPONSES TO PUBLIC NOTICE REGARDING ITFS, MDS, AND MMDS PENDING LEGAL MATTERS. (DA No. 03-638). WTB. Contact: Gregory Vadas at (202) 418-0680, FCC 3/19/03

FCC to review airwave allocation, MSNBC 3/14/03

FCC Initiates Proceeding to Facilitate Wireless Broadband Access in the 2500-2690 MHz Bands., FCC 3/14/03

REMARKS OF MICHAEL K. POWELL, CHAIRMAN, FCC, AT THE SILICON FLATIRONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER. OCH. "Broadband Migration III: New Directions in Wireless Policy" FCC 11/1/02

FCC Adopts Order Granting Relief to Eligible Auction No. 35 Bidders. FCC 11/15/02

Spectrum Policy Task Force Presents Recommendations for Spectrum Policy Reform FCC 11/8/02

• FCC MDS Auction Page.
• Two-way Digital ITFS and MDS Communications Approved; New Services, Faster Internet Access Available for Consumers (MM Docket 97-217) FCC Press Release Sept 17, 1998  "The Commission has cleared the way for Multipoint Distribution Service (MDS) and Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS) licensees to offer two-way digital services. As a result of today's action, a new, competitive group of players may emerge for delivery of high speed two-way communications service to consumers. Both individual and business consumers will be able to use the high-speed and high-capacity

data transmission and Internet service that will be available through the new systems..."
• "Multipoint and/or Multichannel Distribution Services (MDS), popularly referred to as "Wireless Cable," is a service that permits the delivery of video programming to subscribers through microwave transmitting and receiving antennas. The channels allocated to MDS are generally used to provide a multichannel video programming service that is similar to cable television, but, rather that being hard-wired, MDS uses microwave frequencies. A total of 493 MDS licenses were auctioned, one for each of the Basic Trading Areas (BTAs) in the United States and territories. Initially, there were 155 qualified bidders. One hundred forty one of the qualified bidders were small businesses. The number of winning bidders totaled 67. "
• Spectrum was previously intended for wireless cable.
• Range:  35 miles.
• Request for Declaratory Ruling on the Use of Digital Modulation by Multipoint Distribution Service and Instructional Television Fixed Service Stations, 11 FCC Rcd 18839 (1996)
• Amendment of Parts 21 and 74 to Enable Multipoint Distribution Service and Instructional Television Fixed Service Licensees to Engage in Fixed Two-Way Transmission, Report and Order, Docket No. 97-217, 13 FCC Rcd 19112 (1998)., Order on Reconsideration, 14 FCC Rcd 12764 (1999).
• 47 CFR § 21.900; 47 CFR § 74.901
• Service Providers
• WorldCom
• Sprint
• Nucentrix
• Marvin Sirbu & Kanchana Wanichkorn (Carnegie Mellon University)  MMDS Internet Access: a Cost Model (PPT) 2000 Internet & Telecoms Convergence Consortium

• 47.2 to 48.2 GHz Auction
• to be used for stratospheric platforms. FCC Auctions Page.
• SeeSkystation
• Skystation Press Release
• July 31, 1998:  Sky Station Proposal Approved by the FCC
• FCC Creates New Frequency Allocation for Stratospheric Internet Service (May 1997)

• LMDS Auction
• FCC LMDS Auction Page
• Permissible Uses:  "A local multipoint distribution system (LMDS) is capable of offering subscribers a variety of one and two-way broadband services, such as video programming distribution; video teleconferencing; wireless local loop telephony; and high speed data transmission, e.g. internet access. Because of its multi-purpose applications, LMDS has the potential to become a major competitor to local exchange and cable television services.  LMDS systems may consist of a multicell configuration distribution systems with return path capability within the assigned spectrum. Generally, each cell will contain a centrally located transmitter (hub), multiple receivers or transceivers, and point-to-point links interconnecting the cell with a central processing center and/or other cells."  FCC LMDS Reauction Fact Sheet.
• Range:  3-5 miles.
• Report No: AUC-98-23-B. Released: January 29, 1999. AUCTION OF LOCAL MULTIPOINT DISTRIBUTION SERVICE SPECTRUM .Auction Notice and Filing Requirements for 168 Local Multipoint Distribution Service Licenses Scheduled for April 27, 1999/Minimum Opening Bids and Other Procedural Issues. (Auction No. 23). (DA No. 99-266). Contact: Auctions Hotline: 888-CALL-FCC, FCC Technical Support Hotline: (202) 414-1250, TTY: (202) 414-1255.
• FCC Allows LMDs Eligibility Restriction to Sunset June 30, 2000. 6/23/00

Wireless Cable

• Press Release:  FCC REVISITS LICENSING AND SERVICE RULES FOR 39 GHZ BAND Action Brings Commission Closer to Auction of 39 GHz Spectrum July 14, 1999
• FCC 39 GHz Auction Page. (closed May 8, 2000)
• 39 GHz licensees may provide fixed communications including point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communications. Mobile     communications are subject to the development of inter-licensee and inter-service interference criteria. See Report and Order and     Second Notice of Proposed Rule Making at para. 25.

Licenses will be issued for a ten-year term from the initial license grant date. Licensees have a renewal expectancy based on the provision of substantial service and substantial compliance with applicable Commission rules, policies, and the Communications Act. (See 47 C.F.R. § 101.13 (d)).

Auctions

Govt Activity

• Kwerel, Evan and Williams (2002) “A Proposal for A Rapid Transition to Market Allocation of Spectrum”, Federal Communications Commission OPP Working Paper No. 38 (Nov. 15).

Timeline

• 1993 Pres Clinton signs authorization for FCC to auction spectrum

Auctions Papers

• Hazlett, Thomas W., and Roberto E. MuZoz (2004). "What Really Matters in Spectrum Allocation De-sign,” Working paper (April 26).
• Rothkopf, Michael H., and Coleman Bazelon (2003) “Interlicense Competition: Spectrum Deregulation Without Confiscation or Giveaways”, New America Foundation Spectrum Policy Program, Spectrum Series Working Paper No. 8 (August).
• Klemperer, Paul (2002) “What Really Matters in Auction Design”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 16, pp. 169-189.
• Hazlett, T. H. (2001), .The Wireless Craze, the Unlimited Bandwidth Myth, the Spectrum Auction Faux Pas, and the Punchline to Ronald Coase’s .Big Joke.: An Essay on Airwave Allocation Policy,. Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, 14(2), Spring, 2001.
• Prat, Andrea and Tommaso Valletti (2001), “Spectrum Auctions Versus Beauty Contests: Costs and Benefits,” Rivista di Politica Economica, vol. 91, N. 4-5, pp. 59-10-9, April-May.
• Rosston, Gregory L. (2001) “The Long and Winding Road: The FCC Paves the Path with Good Intentions”, SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 01-08.
• Kwerel, Evan (2000) “Spectrum Auctions Do Not Raise the Price of Wireless Services: Theory and Evidence,” FCC, October.
• Cramton, Peter. (1998) “The Efficiency of the FCC Spectrum Auctions.” Journal of Law and Economics, 41, pp. 727-736, October.
• Crampton, Peter, and Suzi Kerr (1998) Tradable Carbon Allowance Auctions: How and Why to Auction. Washington, D.C.: Center for Clean Air Policy. March.
• Hazlett, Thomas W. (1998) “Assigning Property Rights to Radio Spectrum Users: Why Did FCC License Auctions Take 67 Years?” Journal of Law & Economics 41 (Oct.), 529-75.
• Noam, Eli (1998) “Spectrum Auctions: Yesterday’s Heresy, Today’s Orthodoxy, Tomorrow’s Anachronism.” Taking the Next Step to Open Spectrum Access. Journal of Law and Economics, 56(2). pp. 765-790. December.
• Rosston, Gregory L., and Jeffrey S. Stein berg (1997) “Using Market-Based Spectrum Policy to Promote the Public Interest,” Federal Communications Law Journal, vol 50(1).
• FCC (1997) “The FCC Report to Congress on Spectrum Auctions, Federal Communications Commission,” Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, FCC 97-353 (Oct. 9).
• CBO (1997) “Where Do We Go From Here? The FCC Auctions and the Future of Radio Spectrum Management,” Congressional Budget Office (April).
• McMillan, John (1994) “Why Auction the Spectrum?” Telecommunications Policy, Vol. 19. No. 3.

Papers

• Paul Weiser and Dale Hatfield , Toward Property Rights in Spectrum:   The Difficult Policy Choices Ahead TPRC 2006
• Paul Weiser and Dale Hatfield, Policing the Spectrum Commons, SSRN 5/6/2005
• Adaptive Spectrum Access: Using the Full Spectrum Space, TPRC 9/13/03
• R. Paul Margie , Efficiency, Predictability, and the Need for an Improved Interference Standard at the FCC, TPRC 9/13/03
• Paul Rappoport, James Alleman, Lester D. Taylor , Household Demand for Wireless Telephony:An Empirical Analysis, TPRC 9/13/03
• Michael Rothkopf, Coleman Bazelon , Interlicense Competition: SPECTRUM DEREGULATION WITHOUT CONFISCATION OR GIVEAWAYS, TPRC 9/13/03
• Thomas W. Hazlett, Bruno E. Viani , Legislators V. Regulators: The Case of Low Power FM Radio, TPRC 9/13/03
• Jon M. Peha, Sooksan Panichpapiboon , Real-Time Secondary Markets for Spectrum, TPRC 9/13/03
• Kevin Werbach Supercommons: Toward a Unified Theory of Wireless Communication (aka Taking Open Spectrum Seriously), TPRC 9/13/03
• Seim, Katja, The Effect of Entry and Market Structure on Cellular Pricing Tactics, TPRC 9/13/03
• Michael E. Clements, Stephen M. Brown , The Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act: Price and Quality Impact of Direct Broadcast Satellite Companies' Provision of Local Broadcast Networks, TPRC 9/13/03
• Alain BOURDEAU DE FONTENAY, Auctions vs. Beauty Contests, Is It the Question? A New Look at Access and Spectrum Allocation in France and in the US
• Carol Ting, Johannes M. Bauer, Steven S. Wildman , The U.S. experience with non-traditional approaches to spectrum management: Tragedies of the commons and other myths reconsidered, TPRC 9/13/03
• Siddhartha Raja, Francois Bar , Transition Paths in a Spectrum Commons Regime, TPRC 9/13/03
• Christian Sandvig, Assessing Cooperative Action in 802.11 Networks, TPRC 9/13/03
• Harmeet Sawhney, Wi-Fi Networks and the Reorganization of Wireline-Wireless Relationship, TPRC 9/13/03
• FedCirc 04.15.02 Wireless Security Basics: "Hello? Who's Listening In?"
• Reed, D. P. (2002), .How Wireless Networks Scale: the Illusion of Spectrum Scarcity,. presented at International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technology, Boulder , Colorado , March 4, 2002 .
• Buck, Replacing Spectrum Auctions with Spectrum Commons, STLR 9/18/02
• Sharon Eisner Gillett, William Lehr and Fuencis Merino, Software Radio: Implications for Wireless Services, Industry Structure, and Public Policy
• Sirbu, The Role of Fixed Wireless Access Networks in the Deployment of Broadband Services and Competition in Local Telecommunication Markets, TPRC 9/18/02
• Eszter Hargittai, Radio's Lessons for the Internet, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan. 2000) (contrasting early days of radio with early days of Internet)
• Auctions
  • Hazlett, Thomas W., and Roberto E. MuZoz (2004). "What Really Matters in Spectrum Allocation De-sign,” Working paper (April 26).
  • Rothkopf, Michael H., and Coleman Bazelon (2003) “Interlicense Competition: Spectrum Deregulation Without Confiscation or Giveaways”, New America Foundation Spectrum Policy Program, Spectrum Series Working Paper No. 8 (August).
  • Klemperer, Paul (2002) “What Really Matters in Auction Design”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 16, pp. 169-189.
  • Kwerel, Evan and Williams (2002) “A Proposal for A Rapid Transition to Market Allocation of Spectrum”, Federal Communications Commission OPP Working Paper No. 38 (Nov. 15).
  • Hazlett, T. H. (2001), .The Wireless Craze, the Unlimited Bandwidth Myth, the Spectrum Auction Faux Pas, and the Punchline to Ronald Coase’s .Big Joke.: An Essay on Airwave Allocation Policy,. Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, 14(2), Spring, 2001.
  • Prat, Andrea and Tommaso Valletti (2001), “Spectrum Auctions Versus Beauty Contests: Costs and Benefits,” Rivista di Politica Economica, vol. 91, N. 4-5, pp. 59-10-9, April-May.
  • Rosston, Gregory L. (2001) “The Long and Winding Road: The FCC Paves the Path with Good Intentions”, SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 01-08.
  • Kwerel, Evan (2000) “Spectrum Auctions Do Not Raise the Price of Wireless Services: Theory and Evidence,” FCC, October.
  • Cramton, Peter. (1998) “The Efficiency of the FCC Spectrum Auctions.” Journal of Law and Economics, 41, pp. 727-736, October.
  • Crampton, Peter, and Suzi Kerr (1998) Tradable Carbon Allowance Auctions: How and Why to Auction. Washington, D.C.: Center for Clean Air Policy. March.
  • Hazlett, Thomas W. (1998) “Assigning Property Rights to Radio Spectrum Users: Why Did FCC License Auctions Take 67 Years?” Journal of Law & Economics 41 (Oct.), 529-75.
  • Noam, Eli (1998) “Spectrum Auctions: Yesterday’s Heresy, Today’s Orthodoxy, Tomorrow’s Anachronism.” Taking the Next Step to Open Spectrum Access. Journal of Law and Economics, 56(2). pp. 765-790. December.
  • Rosston, Gregory L., and Jeffrey S. Stein berg (1997) “Using Market-Based Spectrum Policy to Promote the Public Interest,” Federal Communications Law Journal, vol 50(1).
  • FCC (1997) “The FCC Report to Congress on Spectrum Auctions, Federal Communications Commission,” Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, FCC 97-353 (Oct. 9).
  • CBO (1997) “Where Do We Go From Here? The FCC Auctions and the Future of Radio Spectrum Management,” Congressional Budget Office (April).
  • McMillan, John (1994) “Why Auction the Spectrum?” Telecommunications Policy, Vol. 19. No. 3.

Federal Activity

• Hatfield Chair of Spectrum Advisory Committee, NTIA 12/15/2006
• FCC CHAIRMAN MICHAEL K. POWELL ANNOUNCES FORMATION OF WIRELESS BROADBAND ACCESS TASK FORCE. News Release. News Media Contact: Meribeth McCarrick at (202) 418-0654 NA, FCC 5/7/2004
• FCC Promotes the Deployment of Wireless Broadband Services by Creating New Rules for the 2495-2690 MHz Band While Protecting Educational Services., FCC 6/14/2004
• FCC Spectrum Policy Task Force Announces Internet Database to Track Commission Spectrum Proceedings., FCC 8/25/2004
• FCC OET/CTIA Tutorial on Innovations in Wireless Technology 10/30/2001.  Real Audio Archive.
• FTC Plans Workshop: The Mobile Wireless Web, Data Services and Beyond: Emerging Technologies and Consumer Issues Nov 27, 2000 ITAA
• Jun 14 Senate Communications Subcommittee To hold hearings to examine wireless internet access for rural areas. SR-253  9:30 a.m.
• Released: November 16, 1999. FCC'S OFFICE OF COMMUNICATIONS BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES AND OFFICE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY TO HOST FORUM ON OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEW WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES FEBRUARY 16, 2000. Contact: Maura McGowan at (202) 418-0987 of OCBO or Dr. Lynn L. Remly at (202) 418-2930. Internet URL:
  http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Miscellaneous/Public_Notices/1999/pnet9025.doc
• OFFICE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY TO SPONSOR A TUTORIAL ON WIRELESS ACCESS TO THE INTERNET ON NOVEMBER 30, 1999. Office of Engineering and Technology Contact: Jack Linthicum at (202) 418-2442.  Materials from Tutorial.
• Released: November 15, 1999. THE OFFICE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ADDS A MORNING SESSION TO THE "WIRELESS ACCESS TO THE INTERNET" TUTORIAL ON NOVEMBER 30, 1999, COMMISSION MEETING ROOM, 9 A.M.Contact: Jack Linthicum 202-418-2441.

Links

• FCC
• Wireless Telecommunications Bureau
• Office of Engineering and Technology
• Spectrum Policy Task Force
• Wireless Proceeding and Initiatives list Detailed listing of spectrum related proceedings along with links to primary documents.  Cool!
• 3GToday
• Carnegie Mellon University Center for Wireless and Broadband Networking
• Wireless Internet Institute

Timeline

• 1993: there were two providers per market w an average monthly bill of $67.31 that included local, long distance and roaming charges as well as a landline surcharge. With 11 million customers, the adoption rate was 5 percent.
• 2003: over 98 percent of consumers can choose from between three to eight providers with an average monthly bill of $49.46 that includes nationwide coverage and no roaming fees or long distance charges. With 148 million consumers, the adoption rate is 50 percent.

News

• Tales of the Sausage Factory: Brief update on White Spaces, Tales from the Sausage Factory 10/10/2007
• Broadcasters Leverage Monopoly on TV Channels to Push Vacant Channel FUD (Fear, Uncertainty, Doubt), Tales from the Sausage Factory 9/12/2007
• Sprint Broadband Direct Goes Offline July 31 - Service you thought died long ago finally does., dslreports 5/20/2008
• Using geolocation to prevent interference in the TV white spaces, Google 5/15/2008
• D Block Rides Again! And the NPRM Is Already Released!, Tales from the Sausage Factory 5/15/2008
• Update on Medical Wireless: Make Devices Smarter, Tales from the Sausage Factory 5/1/2008
• 1710-1755 MHz Spectrum Relocation Report, NTIA 4/24/2008
• White Spaces and the CTIA Game Changer, Tales from the Sausage Factory 4/17/2008
• Big ISPs back plan to wire low-income Americans, CNET 4/8/2008
• Ricochet Is Really, Really, Really Dead? No Joke?, Techdirt 4/3/2008
• Google outlines proposal for 'Wi-Fi on steroids', CNET` 3/25/2008
• Google Unveils 'White Space' Airwaves Plans, Internet News 3/25/2008
• FCC Modifies Pcs And Aws Power Limit Rules To Facilitate Broadband Wireless Technologies, FCC 3/25/2008
• Mobile web poised to explode, Lost Remote 3/25/2008
• Rogers Provides Wireless Internet Access to Canadians Via Rogers, Broadband Wireless Exchange 4/3/2007
• Former Presidents Bush and Clinton Seek Unity Through Wireless, eWeek 3/30/2007
• Broadband By Blimp Company Still Full Of Hot Air, Tech Dirt 12/15/2006
• National Free 512Kbps Wireless - Started by former FCC official and @Home exec, Broadband Reports 5/19/2006
• Facilitate Wireless Broadband Access., FCC 4/28/2006
• FCC Turns Blind Eye to AWS Auction, Internet News 4/12/2006
• FCC sets rules for next-generation wireless bids, CNET 4/12/2006
• NTIA Releases Ultrawideband Report,, NTIA 3/2/2006
• FCC sets airwaves sale for Net on planes, CNET 1/13/2006
• BellSouth to deploy wireless broadband in Florida cities, Bizjournal 6/10/2005
• Tinsel knocks out Brighton wireless network, Register 12/10/2004
• Internet Access, Delivered From Above, NYT 11/30/2004
• Wireless to Drive Internet Growth, Tech Leaders Say, Reuters 11/16/2004
• Press Release: Assistant Secretary Michael Gallagher and FCC Chairman Michael Powell Meet to Plan and Coordinate Spectrum Policy., NTIA 11/12/2004
• FCC Approves First Software Defined Radio., FCC 11/19/2004
• Second Report and Order, Order on Reconsideration, and Second Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Released on Promoting Efficient Use of Spectrum Through Elimination of Barriers to the Development of Secondary Markets. Order & 2nd FNPRM, FCC 9/7/2004
• Groups debate wireless spectrum plans, CNET 6/4/2004
• Allegany County Deploys Countywide Wireless Broadband, Govt Tech 5/18/2004
• Wireless cleanup gets House OK, CNET 6/12/03
• FCC Chairman Supports President's Spectrum Policy Initiative., FCC 6/9/03
• IF YOU BUILD IT, THEY WILL COME, 3G AMERICAS BOARD BRIEFING, FCC COMMISSIONER KATHLEEN Q. ABERNATHY, WASHINGTON, D.C., JUNE 3, 2003,. CMMR. As Prepared for Delivery, FCC 6/9/03
• Meeting Announcement: NTIA, with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the U.S. Department of State's International Communications and Information Policy (CIP) group, will host a two-day wireless technology showcase and policy discussion, May 12-13, NTIA 5/2/03
• CTIA conference overshadowed by war clouds, CW 3/17/03
• Wireless Broadband Waits in the Wings, AP 3/3/03
• Free Wireless Internet Access?, Network Mag 2/24/03
• Wireless Leads Network Convergence, Info World 2/4/03
• Pulling the plug, CNET 2/4/03
• Powell Announces Changes in Wireless Telecommunications Bureau; Tom Sugrue to Leave FCC, John Muleta to be Named Bureau Chief., FCC 1/24/03
• FCC: Open up TV waves to wireless, CNET 1/17/03
• STATEMENT OF FCC CHAIRMAN MICAHEL POWELL ON 5-GIGAHERTZ SPECTRUM AGREEMENT. News Release. News Media Contact: David Fiske (202) 418-0513 OCH, FCC 2/4/03
• FCC Chairman Michael K. Powell and Assistant Secretary Nancy J. Victory met formally to plan and coordinate the efforts of the FCC and NTIA to improve U.S. spectrum policy. (12-10-2002), NTIA 12/13/02
• Wireless networks: ending the home turf battle NUA 11/15/02
• FCC urges overhaul of spectrum use MSNBC 11/8/02
• Wireless Web Browsers of the Future Newsfactor 10/28/02
• Electronic Frontier Foundation Joins Wireless Crusade July 25, 2002
• FCC Forms Spectrum Task Force, Internet News 6/5/02
• Why 2002 Is Not the Year for 3G - Part 1, Newsfactor 5/29/02
• IEEE Gives Bluetooth Thumbs Up, Internet News 3/21/02
• Forget the Hype, Fixed Wireless Rocks, Internet News 3/19/02
• FCC Chief Hesitant On New Wireless Rules, Reuters 3/19/02
• Lucky numbers (Nextel, 802.11), CNET 3/21/02
• Plotting Ricochet's revival, CNET 2/1/02
• Before the Towers Fell, Fire Dept. Fought Chaos, NYT 1/30/02
• Verizon Launches Speedy Wireless Service, Reuters 1/28/02
• Wireless, Broadband Changing Face of Telecom, Internet News 1/30/02
• Spectrum Limitation Will Hurt Broadband Growth - CEOs, Wash Tech 1/24/02
• Amtrak Debuts Wireless Internet Service, Internet News 1/24/02
• IEEE Sets Next-generation 802.11 Standard, INews 11/16/01
• Is 802.11 Out Of Luck?, INews 11/15/01
• Indian firm launches latest WAP-based systems, India Times 10/5/01
• Goldman Sachs: No Thrill In 3G, Allnet 10/1/01
• Japan's DoCoMo launches new speedy phones, IndiaTimes 10/1/01
• FCC Withdraws Approval For Handhelds, News 09/01/01
• EarthLink gears up for wireless Web, CNET 8/22/01
• Survey: Wireless Development Increasing, INews 8/22/01
• 3G Migration A Headache For Operators, ITWorld 8/22/01
• EarthLink Takes Steps to Prepare for Wireless Web, Reuters 8/22/01
• Wireless Streaming Meanders, Red Herring 7/19/01
• The FCC's Stance On M-Commerce, M Comm Times 7/6/01
• New high-speed Net services from space, CNET 6/25/01
• Don't Be Mistaken: WAP Is Back, Standard 6/25/01
• FCC: Wireless competition thriving, USAToday 6/21/01
• AT&T Sets Date for Wireless Spin-Off, InternetNews 6/8/01
• Iridium finds second calling in global Net service, USAToday 6/6/01
• When wireless turns sluggish, CNET 06/01/01
• Report: 16 million U.S. homes have high-speed web access, Nando 5/16/01
• Broadband's Next Wave: Wireless?, BW 5/18/01
• NSF Award Recognizes Wireless Pioneer, NSF 4/25/01
• Same broadband game, mnus wires, CNET 4/14/01
• Where's The Wireless Web?, WashPost 3/30/01
• Pentagon can't share wireless air, CNET 3/30/01
• Wireless - Is That All There Is?, Standard 3/23/01
• Wireless Web Slowly Luring WAP Users, SFC 3/19/01
• Take A Walk On A Wap Site, SFC 3/19/01
• WAP Consortium Loses Leader, Wired 3/19/01
• Combating WAP's Bad Rap, Wired 3/19/01
• Wireless Show Taken Over By Computer Guys, AP 3/21/01
• Wireless Web Looks For A Lift, Cyberatlas 3/16/01
• Fixed Wireless Internet Access, Forbes 2/26/01
• Wireless Net So Far Wowless, USAToday 2/26/01
• Wireless networking wars hit speed bump, CNET 2/26/01
• WAP To Support Java, InternetNews 2/23/01
• Survey: Wireless Web A Great Idea--Some Day, Newsbytes 2/23/01
• Web Phones: For The Elite Few?, Wired 2/23/01
• Profiling The US Wireless Internet User, EMarketer 2/12/01
• Wireless: Pushing Buttons, EMarketer 2/12/01
• Wireless Access Devices Look Toward 2001, Cyberatlas 2/16/01
• Bluetooth Readies For Its Close-Up, Industry Standard 2/5/01
• I-mode Whips WAP Dec 1, 2000 internetnews
• Bluetooth Comes To Your Notebook Nov 15, 2000 wired
• FCC allocates spectrum for wireless services Oct 12, 2000 mercurycenter
• Wireless Connectivity Market Options Abound Oct 2, 2000 techweb
• Bluetooth Getting Long In The Tooth Oct 2, 2000 nypost
• Goodlatte And Boucher Urge Action To Accelerate High Speed Wireless Internet Access 9/11
• FCC delays spectrum auction, allows more bidders Aug 25, 2000 cnet
• Broadband Wireless Market Picks Up Aug 25, 2000 forbes
• Fixed Wireless To Fill Your Broadband Needs? ZDNet Aug 9
• Wireless Broadband Consortium Constructed July 14, 2000 internetnews
• Waiting For The Wireless Internet July 7, 2000 zdnet
• AOL Debuts Service Via Sprint Wireless Web Excite 6/15
• FCC Seeks to Clear Airwaves for Broadband The Industry Standard 6/23
• Fixed wireless operators oppose cruise ship Internet Computer World 5/31
• FCC Considers New Wireless Technology to Open Broadband Internet Access InternetNews 5/15
• AT&T Wireless Debuts Free Wireless Internet InternetNews 5/19
• AIR2LAN Inaugurates High-Speed Wireless Services Internet News 5/19
• Get Ready For Fixed Wireless Access Yahoo 4/19
• MCI WorldCom Plans Wireless Test: System Touted as Alternative High-Speed Internet Linkup WashingtonPost 3/31

Cisco Systems revamps wireless strategy C|NET 3/21
• AT&T's "Project Angel" spreads its wings C|NET 3/23
• Mobile IP Not Yet Ready For Prime Time - Ovum Report 3/16 Newsbytes
• IBM Digs Deeper into Wireless E-Commerce  Ecommerce Times 3/14
• AT&T offers flat-rate wireless data for $14.99/month Computer World 3/14
• Surfing by cell phone: ready, set, wait. PCWorld 3/14
• Wireless Internet: Still Ahead of Its Time The Industry Standard 2/29
• AOL Inks Deal with 6 wireless players Computer World 2/29
• America Online gets the message: go wireless CNN 2/28
• AOL's High Wireless Acts Industry Standard 2/29
• Wireless Net access market growing USA Today 2/24
• Wireless Internet To Surpass PC Internet NUA 2/11
• High-Speed Access In The Sky ZDNet 2/7
• FCC chief plans push for wireless Internet, digital TV MSNBC 02/03
• Profit scabble mars wireless web future C|NET 01/25
• US West To Deliver National Wireless Net Access Newsbytes 01/28
• MCI WorldCom Says Open Access Will Rule Wireless World InternetNews 01/13/00
• FCC Opens Airwaves to Close Digital Divide Internet News 01/07/00
• High-speed broadband wireless services go nationwide  CNN 01/07/00
• The wireless world becomes useful in 2000 CNN 01/06/00
• Motorola Sees Huge Growth in Broadband Yahoo 01/06/00
• AOL signs handheld deals with Compaq, Casio NetFusion 01/06/00
• New tech could revolutionize wireless industry C|NET 12/3
• Free ISP Gets Mobile With Wireless Internet Techweb 12/3
• Wireless Net desperately seeking content providers C|NET 12/2
• Sprint, MCI to push wireless Net services C|NET 12/2
• Cisco Has New Wireless Strategy Yahoo 12/2
• Why Is Wireless Taking So Long? ECommerceTimes 12/2
• Cisco takes high-speed Net  wireless USAToday 12/2
• AOL Buys Wireless Company InternetNews 12/2
• Open Group to certify devices using Web wireless standard Computer World 11/24
• US WEST Promises to Expand Wireless Access InternetNews 11/18/99
• Networking firms shout over wireless standards C|NET 11/17/99
• Wireless Internet service for Palm enters beta Computer World 11/17/99
• Qualcomm readies new wireless Internet strategy C|NET 11/8/99
• Bell Atlantic set to enter wireless Web-access market Techserver 11/8/99
• Wait until next year for broadband wireless CNN 11/3/99
• Mobile Net access growing USA Today 10/15
• Venture Planned for Wireless Internet Link NYTimes 9/22/99
• NEXTLINK Field Tests Broadband Wireless; On Track for Extensive Deployment in 2000 Excite 9/20/99
• Nortel Networks to Supply High Speed, Broadband Wireless Network to Bell Canada International Subsidiary in Venezuela Excite 9/20/99
• IEEE wireless standard brand backed Inforworld (9/17/99)
• Phasecom Introduces DOCSIS Modem Tailored for Wireless Systems; DOCSIS Modems for Wireless Applications Reuters 9/14/99
• Wireless, Inc. Receives $1.7 Million Order From EZNET Total Access to Build a W-DSL Network in West Virginia, Kentucky and Ohio Reuters 9/14/99
• Adaptive Broadband Demonstrates Voice and Data Point-to-Multi Point

Wireless IP Transmission Reuters 9/13/99
• Wireless Internet Is On The Way CMPNET 9/15/99
• MCI Worldcom Plans Nationwide Wireless Net TechWeb June 23 1999
• Waking Up to Fixed Wireless, Upside June 4 1999
• AT&T Subsidiary Liberty Media Buys Wireless Company, InternetNews June 4, 1999
• Wireless To Take Great Leap Forward, Techweb June 4, 1999
• When will data change the wireless world C|NET 02/99
• Marriage of the Net, Wireless Far Off USA Today 02/99
• Steve Stroh, Sky Station, Com21, and Waverider, Boardwatch (October 1998)