"Three types of unlicensed devices are defined and regulated under the Part 15 rules:

• Intentional radiators - these are devices that intentionally generate and emit RF energy by radiation or induction. Typical intentional radiators include cordless telephones, remote control toys, and other low power transmitters.
• Unintentional radiators – these are devices that generate and use RF energy within the device but are not intended to emit RF energy by radiation or conduction. Typical unintentional radiators include devices such as personal computers, printers, disk drives, and other digital devices that have internal “clocks” or circuitry used for timing within the device, TV interface devices such as VCRs, and carrier current system. Radio receivers, such as television receivers and AM/FM radios, are unintentional radiators.
• Incidental radiators – these are devices that generate RF energy during the course of their operation but are not intentionally designed to generate or emit that energy. Typical incidental radiators include motors and mechanical light switches." [FCC UDELWG p 4]

Networking devices which utilize Part 15 spectrum are intentional radiators.

"Spread spectrum is a term applied to communications systems that spread radio frequency energy over a wide bandwidth by means of an auxiliary spreading code. The spreading of the bandwidth can be accomplished in many different ways and the systems are usually classified by the type of spreading technique which they employ. They are commonly referred to as: direct sequence (or pseudonoise), frequency hopping, time hopping, pulsed FM (or chirp) and hybrid systems. The spreading or dilution of the energy in spread spectrum systems over a wide bandwidth results in several possible advantages: short range interference-free overlays on other emissions, resistance to interference from other emissions, and low detectability. While we do not anticipate that spread spectrum will replace other types of modulations, the unique characteristics of spread spectrum offer important options for the communications system designer." 1984 NPRM

Derived From: FTC Report: Should Municipalities Provide Wireless Internet Service? p. 8-9 Oct 2006

“Wireless fidelity” (“Wi-Fi”) is the most commonly used wireless Internet standard today. Wi-Fi is a registered trademark term promoted by the Wi-Fi Alliance, a group of wireless Internet hardware and software providers that certify “802.11” products for network interoperability. An 802.11 network refers to a family of specifications approved by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (“IEEE”) in 1997 for a wireless, over-the-air interface Local Area Network (“WLAN”). Generally, computer users can access the Internet with a high speed wireless connection if they are within 300 feet of a transmitting antenna and have the appropriate receiving hardware installed in their computer. Wi-Fi provides data transmission at speeds of up to 11-54 Mbps. Wi-Fi is commonly used to provide wireless Internet “hot spot” connections in coffee shops, airports, and on university campuses. The number of Wi-Fi hot spots in the U.S. has grown exponentially in recent years and may now number as many as 150,000, with approximately 30 million users.

"Wi-Fi networks can be set up by installing multiple toaster-size antennas on street lights, traffic signals, and buildings, so that multiple wireless hotspots overlap each other to form a continuous “mesh” network of wireless signals. In order to provide an initial connection to the Internet and to manage network traffic, “backbone” technology (also called “backhaul” technology) must be installed at one or more points connected to the network. The installation of such a wireless network may be less expensive than installing a wireline network of the same size. ... (See Municipal Broadband)

"A user must have a computer or other device that is configured for wireless Internet use. Newer laptop computers often have such wireless connectivity built-in to them at the factory. Older computers may be adapted through the addition of a wireless Internet “card.” "

Derived From: Kenneth Carter, Ahmed Lahjouji, Neal McNeal, Unlicensed and Unshackled: A Joint OSP-OET White Paper on Unlicensed Devices and Their Regulatory Issues, OSP Working Paper 39 (May 2004)

Types of Part 15 Intentional Radiators

• General Low Power Devices: Low power devices are permitted to operate in a variety of specific bands and they emit only minimal levels of RF energy. Products such as baby monitors, garage door openers, and toy
  wireless microphones fall into this category.
• Spread Spectrum and Digitally Modulated Devices Spread spectrum transmitters generally use a code sequence to spread a normally narrow band information signal over a wider band of frequencies. This allows for more devices to operate in a given frequency band and thus promotes spectrum efficiency. Many new cordless phones use spread spectrum techniques. Systems that use new forms of digital modulation techniques that have spectral occupancy characteristics similar to spread spectrum devices are also permitted to operate under the same rules as spread spectrum devices.
• Unlicensed PCS Devices: Unlicensed Personal Communications Services devices use digital modulation techniques for transmission. Service requirements reserve some frequencies for voice communication while the remaining spectrum is allocated for high-speed data transfer applications. U-PCS is widely used for wireless intra-office telephone systems like wireless PBX systems.
• Unlicensed NII Devices: Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure devices also use digital modulation techniques similar to spread spectrum devices. They are intended to provide short-range, high-speed wireless digital communications such as wireless local area networks (“W-LANs”) [including WiFi, Bluetooth], and to facilitate wireless access to the National Information Infrastructure.
  • In 1997, the FCC again amended the Part 15 rules, this time to provide for operation of Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII)15 devices in the 5 GHz Frequency Range (5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz). Once more, the FCC recognized that developments in a number of different digital technologies greatly increased the need to transfer large amounts of data from one network or system to another. In making this spectrum available, the FCC concluded that providing additional spectrum for unlicensed wideband operation would benefit a vast number of medical, educational, business, and industrial users. U-NII devices use digital modulation techniques similar to spread spectrum devices. They are intended to provide short-range, high-speed wireless digital communications such as wireless local area networks ("W-LANs"), and to facilitate wireless access to the National Information Infrastructure. With the use of a high- gain directional antenna, these devices may be used to complete point-to-point links of over 1 kilometer. [p. 8]
• Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Devices - Ultra-Wideband (“UWB”), a technology recently approved (February, 2002) by the FCC for a number of communications and sensing applications, is a signaling method which relies on extremely short pulses that generate signals with very wide bandwidths, sometimes up to several gigahertz. UWB signals go undetected by most conventional receivers, minimizing their threat as harmful interferers. UWB technologies are currently being used in a variety of applications such as ground penetrating radar and are likely to be used in a variety of emerging applications such as through-wall imaging and high-speed data transmission

Commons Property Regime:

Part 15 spectrum is "unlicensed." Anyone can transmit and operate in this spectrum with appropriate certified devices as long as they comply with the conditions of operations. "Persons operating intentional or unintentional radiators shall not be deemed to have any vested or recognizable right to continued use of any given frequency..." They cannot cause harmful interference to others and they must accept interference. Operators in Part 15 spectrum obtain no superior rights; while anyone may use the spectrum, no one may exclude others from using the spectrum.

In terms of property rights, this spectrum is a "commons." All have access to the resource - no one can exclude others from the resource - and the use of the resource is potentially rivalrous (the use of the resource by one detracts from the use of the resource by others, leading to a potential "tragedy of the commons"). [Faulhaber p 204 ("Part 15 spectrum has property rights akin to that of a commons: an asset availabe for the use of all, with common restrictions governing use restrictions for all" p 208 "'building fences' of property rights violates the commons principle.")] [Sicker p 3 ("Unlicensed wireless commons seems to fit more closely the model of a common resource pool, since additional users cannot be precluded from turning on their radios, but as users are added, the ability to communicate diminishes with increasing mutual interference.")] [Benkler 1998 p 7 ("This UNII Band, as it is called, creates a legal space for the first broadband infrastructure commons.")]

The FCC itself did not refer to this spectrum as a "commons." Its justification for the creation of the UNII bands as unlicensed rested primarily on the fact that these would be very short ranged services and "like other existing unlicensed devices, we believe that trying to license UNII devices individually would be administratively difficult if not impossible for both the Commission and the consujmer and would greatly delay the implementation and use of this band by UNII devices." Therefore UNII is "more amenable to an unlicensed structure." UNII Order 1997 para 87.

License regimes had been put into place for the purpose of avoiding interference. [Faulhaber] Now the policy objective of avoiding interference would be achieved through (a) low powered short range transmitters and (b) the creation of a radio ettiquette such that radios would technologically avoid interference.

The reality of the "tragedy of the commons" in Part 15 spectrum has been questionable. [Sicker] The classic tragedy of the commons is a common grassland where cattle graze. As all farmers have an incentive to utilize this resource to the fullest possible extent, and no farmers have an incentive to either conserve or replenish the grass in the grassland, the common land will be over grazed, the grass will be depleted, and no grass will be left for others. The distinction, however, between grassland and Part 15 spectrum is that with grassland, if the grass is depleted in one moment, it takes several months to grow back. With spectrum, if the bandwidth unavailable in one moment, it can be fully available in the next, fully "replenished."

How Common Goods relate to other types of property:

	Excludable	Non Excludable
Rivalrous	Private Goods ex: food, clothing, toys, furniture, cars	Common Goods ex: water, fish, hunting game, Part 15 spectrum
Non Rivalrous	Club Goods Ex: Cable Television	Public Goods Ex: National Defense, free-to-ari TV

Regulations

Part 15 dates back to 1938, originally created to cover "wireless phonographs." [Faulhaber p 204] While users of Part 15 spectrum do not need licenses, Part 15 devices must first be certified by the FCC. Part 15 devices also generally operate at low power limits.

• 47 CFR Part 15 Subpart A
  • 47 CFR § 15.1 Scope of this part
    • This part sets out the regulations under which an intentional, unintentional, or incidental radiator may be operated without an individual license. It also contains the technical specifications, administrative requirements and other conditions relating to the marketing of part 15 devices.
  • 47 CFR § 15.5 General Conditions of Operation
    • (a) Persons operating intentional or unintentional radiators shall not be deemed to have any vested or recognizable right to continued use of any given frequency by virtue of prior registration or certification of equipment, or, for power line carrier systems, on the basis of prior notification of use pursuant to §90.63(g) of this chapter.

      (b) Operation of an intentional, unintentional, or incidental radiator is subject to the conditions that no harmful interference is caused and that interference must be accepted that may be caused by the operation of an authorized radio station, by another intentional or unintentional radiator, by industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment, or by an incidental radiator.

      (c) The operator of a radio frequency device shall be required to cease operating the device upon notification by a Commission representative that the device is causing harmful interference. Operation shall not resume until the condition causing the harmful interference has been corrected.

      (d) Intentional radiators that produce Class B emissions (damped wave) are prohibited.

  • 47 CFR § 15.9 Prohibition Against Eavesdropping
    • Except for the operations of law enforcement officers conducted under lawful authority, no person shall use, either directly or indirectly, a device operated pursuant to the provisions of this part for the purpose of overhearing or recording the private conversations of others unless such use is authorized by all of the parties engaging in the conversation.
• 47 CFR Subpart C Intentional Radiators
• 47 CFR § 15.245-248 Operation within the bands 902-928 MHz, 2435-2465 MHz, 5785-5815 MHz, 10500-10550 MHz, and 24075-24175 MHz
• 47 CFR § 15.247
  • Summary Rural ISP Workshop Julius Knapp, FCC OET , presentation
    • Provides for frequency hopping systems and digital transmission systems
    • Power limit: Up to 1 Watt output power
    • Power reduction for high-gain antennas (omni vs. pt.-to-pt.)
    • Out-of-band & spurious emissions limits
    • Antenna must be permanently attached or unique connector
    • IEEE 802.11(b) & (g), Bluetooth operate under these rules in the 2.4 GHz band.
• 47 CFR Subpart E Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Devices
  • 47 CFR § 15.401 Scope
    • This subpart sets out the regulations for unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) devices operating in the 5.15-5.35 GHz, 5.47-5.725 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz bands.
  • 47 CFR § 407 General Technical Requirements

VoIP

• VoIP over Wifi could substitute up to 60% of mobile usage as quality improves. Substitutability at home, work, and partially other indoor. Not substitutable for other locations and car. Could reduce mobile phone costs $6-12. - Stagg Newman, State of Tech Dev, TAC July 2006

3650 - 3700 MHz

Derived From: FCC Wireless Services 3650-3700 MHz Radio Service: "On March 10, 2005, the Commission adopted a Report and Order, FCC 05-56 ( pdf ), establishing service rules to open the 3650 MHz band for terrestrial fixed and mobile wireless broadband operations. In the Memorandum Opinion and Order, FCC 07-99 ( pdf ), adopted on May 22, 2007, the Commission addressed petitions for reconsideration of the Report and Order by affirming the rules and policies adopted in 2005 while at the same time ensuring that incumbent, grandfathered Earth stations and Federal radiolocation stations in this band are protected from harmful interference. The Commission adopted a flexible and innovative regulatory framework for the 3650-3700 MHz band that would not require traditional frequency coordination among non-Federal users with the exception of incumbent Fixed Satellite Service Licensees (FSS). These rules involve minimal regulatory burdens to encourage multiple entrants and to stimulate the rapid expansion of broadband services, especially in America's rural heartland. A license for the 3650-3700 MHz Radio Service will consist of a non-exclusive nationwide license , combined with fixed and base station registration . All interested parties must have a non-exclusive nationwide license prior to registering a fixed or base station. Mobile and portable stations, which are typically used by consumers, i.e. , end users or subscribers, do not require a separate license and do not have to be registered in ULS. The non-exclusive nationwide license does not authorize operation until each base or fixed station is registered and in an "Accepted" status and the nationwide license is updated on ULS. The registration process will also facilitate protection of grandfathered, incumbent stations from interference. There are two types of grandfathered, incumbent stations that new 3650 MHz band licensees must protect: non-Federal and Federal.

• Non-Federal . Absent an agreement between the relevant licensees, new terrestrial stations are prohibited (and thus base and fixed stations can not be registered) within 150 km circular protection zones established around each grandfathered Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) Earth station.
• Federal . Requests to register base or fixed stations within 80 km circular protection zones established around each of three Federal Government radiolocation stations will only be approved upon successful coordination by the FCC with NTIA. Rule Section 90.1331 outlines the protection requirements for the three federal government radiolocation stations at St. Inigoes, MD 38 10 00 N 76 23 00 W; Pascagoula, MS 30 22 00 N 88 29 00 W; and Pensacola, FL 30 21 28 N 87 16 26 W. Note: Licensees should also determine if there are any nearby Federal Government radar systems operating in adjacent bands that could affect their operations by consulting NTIA TR-99-361 . "

• (ET Docket No 04-151; WT Docket No 05-96). See FCC IB >> 3650 MHz Grandfathered Earth Stations. Report and Order (March 10, 2005)
• FCC opens access to 3650-3700 MHz band, Muni 3/15/2005
• FCC Opens Access to New Spectrum for Wireless Broadband in the 3650 MHz Band. Press Release, FCC 3/11/2005
• FCC Adopts Rule Changes for Smart Radios. Press Release, FCC 3/11/2005
• FCC Protects Spectrum From Software Radio, eWeek 3/11/2005
• FCC Begins Rulemaking Proposing to Allow Wireless Broadband Operations in the 3650-3700 MHz Band., FCC 4/27/2004

FCC PROPOSES RULES TO FACILITATE WIRELESS BROADBAND SERVICES USING VACANT TV CHANNELS. The FCC proposed to allow unlicensed devices to operate in the broadcast television spectrum at locations where the spectrum is not in use by television stations. News Release. (Dkt No 02-380 , 04-186). Adopted: 05/13/2004. News Media Contact: Bruce Romano at (202) 418-2470 OET. Contact Hugh Van Tuyl at (202) 418-7506, email: Hugh.VanTuyl@fcc.gov., FCC 5/18/2004

Enforcement

• FCC Enforcement Bureau
• ARRL Collection of Enforcement Actions
• ISP Planet When the FCC Comes Knocking on your Door May 2002
• In Re Neptuno Networks, Inc., EB-06-SJ-022, NALF (Jan. 23, 2007)
  • In this Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture ("NAL"), we find that Neptuno Networks, Inc. ("Neptuno"), an Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) operator, in San Juan, PR, apparently willfully and repeatedly violated Section 301 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended ("Act"), by operating unlicensed radio transmitters. We conclude, pursuant to Section 503(b) of the Act, that Neptuno is apparently liable for forfeiture in the amount of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000).
  • On May 18, June 6, June 8, and June 14, 2006, resident agents from the San Juan Office observed Neptuno operate U-NII devices within the 5.15-5.25 GHz band outdoors at three separate locations, in violation of Section 15.407(e) of the Rules. Neptuno admitted that it had been operating in this band outdoors at these locations for close to five years. Neptuno also admitted to operating in this band outdoors at approximately 68 other sites. On June 8 and June 14, 2006, resident agents observed Neptuno operate U-NII devices on 5.375 GHz, a frequency outside of the U-NII bands. Based on the evidence before us, we find that Neptuno failed to operate its U-NII devices in accordance with the requirements of Section 15.407 of the Rules.

Statistics

Papers

• ARRL FCC Part-15 Rules: Unlicensed RF Devices
• Arnon Tonmukayakul and Martin B. H. Weiss, A Transaction Cost Analysis of Secondary vs. Unlicensed Spectrum Use TPRC 2006
• Douglas C. Sicker, Dirk Grunwald, Eric Anderson, Christian Doerr, Brita Munsinger, Anmol Sheth, Examining The Wireless Commons TPRC 2006 ("In this paper we use measurements of wireless networks and show that a common metric that leads people to believe there is a tragedy really demonstrates nothing of the sort. We also show how system architecture determines how rapidly a tradegy occurs.")
• Weiser, Phil and Hatfield, Dale, "Policing the Spectrum Commons" . Fordham Law Review, Vol. 74 Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=704741
• Gerald R Faulhaber and David Farber, Spectrum Management: Property Rights, Markets, and the Commons Chapter 7 Rethinking Rights and Regulations: International responses to new communications technologies (MIT Press) Google Books
• Paper: Kevin Werbach, Towards a Unified Theory of Wireless Communication, SSRN 3/11/2004
• A brief history of WiFi, The Economist (Jun 10 2004) (ISM was known as the garbage band)
• Tim Pozar, Regulations Affecting 802.11 Deployment (2004) (nice compilation of relevant regulations)
• Kenneth R. Carter, Ahmed Lahjouji, and Neal McNeil, Unlicensed and Unshackled: A Joint OSP-OET White Paper On Unlicensed Devices and Their Regulatory Issues , FCC May 2003. [  Acrobat  |  News Release  |  Public Notice  ]
• An Architecture for Securing Wireless Networks by Gregory R.Scholz, Northrop Grumman Information Technology, IPJ 10/9/02
• Thomas Hazlett, 2001, "The Wireless Craze, the Unlimited Bandwidth Myth, the Spectrum Auction Faux Pas, and the Punchline to Ronald Coase's "Big Jokes": An Essay on Airwave Allocation Policy," Harvard J. Law & Tech, 14(2), Spring, 335-545
• David P. Reed, Why Spectrum is Not Property: The Case for an Entirely New Regime of Wireless Communications Policy, Reed’s Locus, Feb 27, 2001 (draft).
• Yochai Benkler, The Commons as a Neglected Factor of Information Policy, TPRC 1998
• Benkler, Yochai, 1997, Overcoming Agoraphobia: Building the Commons of the Digitally Networked Environment, 11 Harv. J. L & Tech.287 (Winter 1997-98).
• Heller, Michael, 1998, "The Tragedy of the Anticommons: Property in the Transition from Marx to Markets," 111 Harvard Law Review, 621-25.
• Walter C Scales, Potential Use of Spread Spectrum Techniques in Non-Government Applications, MITRE (Dec. 1, 1980)
• George R. Cooper, Ray W. Nettleton, and David P. Grybos, 'Cellular Land Mobile Radio: Why Spread Spectrum?', IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 17-24, March 1979
• J.R. Juroshek, 'A Compatability Analysis of Spread-Spectrum and FM Land Mobile Radio Systems', U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Report 79-23, PB-300651, August 1979
• L.A. Berry and E.J. Haakinson, 'Spectrum Efficiency for Multiple Independent Spread-Spectrum Land Mobile Radio Systems', U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Report 78-11, PB-291539, November 1978
• Paul Newhouse, 'Procedures for Analyzing Interference Caused by Spread-Spectrum Signals', ITT Research Institute, Report No. ESD-TR-77-003, AD A056911, February 1978.
• J.R. Juroshek, 'A Preliminary Estimate of the Effects of Spread-Spectrum Interference on TV', U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Report 78-6, PB-286623, June 1978
• International Telecommunication Union, International Radio Consultative Committee, Recommendations and Reports of the CCIR, 1978, XIVth Plenary Assembly, Kyoto, 1978, 'Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques', Report 651, Volume 1, pp. 4-14
• International Telecommunication Union, International Radio Consultative Committee, Recommendations and Reports to the CCIR, 1978, XIVth Plenary Assembly, Kyoto, 1978, 'Considerations of Interference from Spread-Spectrum Systems to Conventional Voice Communications Systems', Report 652, Volume 1, pp. 14-22.
• Robert P. Eckert and Peter M. Kelly, 'Implementing Spread Spectrum Technology in the Land Mobile Radio Services', IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-22, pp. 867-869, August 1977
• Leonard Farber and J. Cormack, 'Performance of Voice Communications Systems in the Presence of Spread Spectrum Interference', IIT Research Institute, Report No. ESD-TR-77-005, AD A050844, December 1977
• Spread Spectrum Techniques, ed. Robert C. Dixon, New York, IEEE Press, 1976
• R.C. Dixon, Spread Spectrum Systems, New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1976

Links

• Angel Technologies Corporation (Broadband via light airplane)
• FCC
• Office of Engineering and Technology, FCC
• Wireless Broadband Access Task Force
• Spectrum Policy Task Force
• Spectrum Policy Branch, Policy and Rules Division, Office of Engineering and Technology, FCC
• Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, FCC
• Kenneth R. Carter, Ahmed Lahjouji, and Neal McNeil, Unlicensed and Unshackled: A Joint OSP-OET White Paper On Unlicensed Devices and Their Regulatory Issues , FCC May 2003. [  Acrobat  |  News Release  |  Public Notice  ]
• Michael Marcus, Jim Burtle, Bruce Franca, Ahmed Lahjouji, Neal McNeil, Report of the Unlicensed Devices and Experimental Licenses Working Group, Federal Communications Commission Spectrum Policy Task Force 9 (Nov. 15, 2002) (charting growth of Part 15 spread spectrum equipment authorizations).
• IEEE
  • 802.11 WiFi
• Airshare Community Networks
• FreeNetwork Wireless
• Free Press
• M Marcus, Early Civil Spread Spectrum History
• Part-15.org Wireless Internet Service Provider Organization
• Personal Communications Industry Association
• Wireless ISP Association
• Cellular Telephone Industry Association
• Making the Connection: 2004 National Summit for Community Wireless Networks webcasts will be uploaded
• Odessa Office Training Aids for WISPs
• Steve Stroh Focus On Broadband Wireless Internet Access
• SearchingNetwork
• WiFi Alliance
• Wi-Fi Hotspot Industry News & Info
• Wireless Communications Alliance
• Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance
• WISP Directory The WISP Directory is a global listing of wireless ISPs and WISP-related resources. The site also includes an industry-related news blog that's updated almost daily. The site also includes additional resources such as info on how to establish a WISP including an FAQ and a tradeshow & event calendar in addition to a subscription-based knowledge base for those interested in starting a WISP.
• Young Design, Inc, Michael Young

Notes

Unlicensed and Unleashed
ET Docket 03 126

Trends in part 15 device authorizations
1993   706
1994    914
1995    967
1996    1156
1997     1255
1998    1139
1999     1205
2000   1501
2001    1711
2002    2398  

Architectures:

• Hub & Spoke or Mesh
• Open or Closed
• Static or Dynamic

News

• WiFi Hotspot Surfers Beware: Sharks Patrol These Waters, Ecommerce Times 3/26/2008
• Dutch police raise alarm over Eastern Europeans stealing Wi-Fi access, Muni 3/28/2008
• Denver airport censors free Wi-Fi network, CNET 3/7/2008
• Finally, Free AT&T Wi-Fi at Starbucks, IP Democracy 2/13/2008
• Free Public Wi-Fi, Tech Liberation Front 2/1/2008
• Steal More Wifi!, Cybertelecom 2/1/2008
• Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia goes Wi-Fi, Muni 12/18/2007
• Gasp! 54% use Wi-Fi without permission, Muni 12/4/2007
• Laguna Beach turns to Wi-Fi for fire watch, MuniWireless 10/26/2007
• BBC online to go free over wi-fi, BBC 10/18/2007
• McDonald's Launches Free Wi-Fi in UK Restaurants, eWeek 10/10/2007
• Community Wi-Fi comes to San Francisco, CNET 8/16/2007
• iPhone not to blame for Duke outage, CNET 7/24/2007
• Duke reports Wi-Fi trouble with the iPhone, CNET 7/18/2007
• Boston airport open WiFi network is NOT open, MuniWireless 6/8/2007
• Wi-fi? Why worry?, BBC 4/24/2007
• UK Watchdog Wants Wi-Fi Health Investigation - And the fear surrounding Wi-Fi continues unabated..., Broadband Reports 4/24/2007
• State of the Art: A Faster Wi-Fi World Is Coming, NYT 4/12/2007
• Wi-fi buses drive rural web use, BBC 3/30/2007
• Senate bill would increase broadband availability, MuniWireless 1/12/2007
• (Wifi) Bandwidth bandit faces jail term, Sydney 1/3/2007
• Office of Engineering & Technology Announces Projected Schedule for Proceeding on Unlicensed Operation in the TV Broadcast Bands., FCC 9/12/2006
• Colorado high on Wi-Fi, Rocky Mountain News 9/2/2006
• French Wi-fi bunny hopes to conquer America, Reuters 8/11/2006
• Warning: Your Wi-Fi Is Vulnerable to Attack, BWO 8/8/2006
• Hospitals now offer high-speed Internet, MSNBC 8/8/2006
• FTC Advises: Protect Your Wireless Network to Protect Yourself, FTC 5/16/2006
• Residential Wi-Fi sharing made easy, NWFusion 4/28/2006
• The tin-can antenna: A boon for third world, IHT 2/28/2006
• Disaster area becomes wireless test-bed, Globle and mail 10/14/2005
• Compromise Reached On 802.11n Spec, eweek 1/13/2006
• Small Net providers see Wi-Fi as good bet, IHT 11/1/2005
• Free WiFi With Nintendo DS 'Net Launch, eweek 10/18/2005
• Does Open-Source Software Make The FCC Irrelevant?, Forbes 10/18/2005
• Act now to open a window of opportunity for unlicensed!, Free Press 10/14/2005
• Free WiFi plan attracts Google, IHT 10/5/2005
• Wireless Internet: Spreading far and wide, Express India 9/20/2005
• If Parks Offer Free Internet, Why Can't Costly Hotels?, NYT 9/20/2005
• Google tests a WiFi link, IHT 9/19/2005
• Wimax Will 'Explode' Any Second Now - Really..., Broadband Reports 3/9/2006
• Faster Wi-Fi approach wins broader support, CW 7/29/2005
• When Pigs Wi-Fi, NYT 8/9/2005
• Pondering the Future of Community Wireless Networks: A Look Forward to 2015., Muni 8/9/2005
• Wardriving Extortionist, Wifi Networking News 8/9/2005
• Look Ma, no wires, Free Press 8/16/2005
• VeriSign to pilot Wi-Fi, wide-area roaming, InfoWorld 8/16/2005
• India bypasses wires to bring Wi-Fi to remote residents, USA Today 8/19/2005
• Wayport Passes 10,000 Hotspots, Wifi Networking News 8/19/2005
• Report: Wi-Fi Continues Its Explosive Growth, AdvancedIPpipeline 8/30/2005
• SBC pushes Wi-Fi strategy to generate new business, Bizjournal 7/5/2005
• Alexandria Goes Wireless, PK 6/15/2005
• NYC Wi-Fi in the park: 46 MB and running!, Muni 6/14/2005
• Sprint starts high-speed wireless Internet service, Bizjournal 7/8/2005
• Sales For Wi-Fi Chips Look Strong Through 2009, Information Week 5/21/2005
• Nextel debuts Wi-Fi service, CNET 5/13/2005
• Verizon pulls plug on free NYC WiFi, Globe and Mail 4/29/2005
• The Internet as a Public Utility, NPR 4/29/2005
• Sprint to expand Wi-Fi hot spot network, MSNBC 4/22/2005
• BellSouth to deploy wireless broadband in Florida cities, Bizjournal 6/10/2005
• Warnings on woeful wi-fi security, BBC 3/11/2005
• Free Wi-Fi hotzone in San Francisco, muni 3/2/2005
• Ultra fast wi-fi nears completion, BBC 3/4/2005
• Mobile goes Wi-Fi - an opportunity to expand internet usage?, UNDP 12/14/2004
• SBC Offers Wi-Fi Service to DSL Users for $1.99/mo, Reuters 10/19/2004
• Chairman Powell's Remarks at WISPCON October 27, 2004, Las Vegas, Nevada “WISPs: Bringing the Benefits of Broadband to Rural America”., FCC 10/29/2004
• Researchers Study Wi-Fi Weaknesses, Newsfactor 10/26/2004
• Wi-Fi Moves In, Clickz 10/5/2004
• Big Wi-Fi Project for Philadelphia, NYTimes 9/29/2004
• New York set for citywide wireless, BBC 8/25/2004
• Wireless Providers to Light Up New York, eWeek 8/2/2004
• College backs off Wi-Fi ban, CNET 9/17/2004
• Government doesn't drive Wi-Fi, FCW 9/17/2004
• Students, college face off over Wi-Fi, CNET 9/10/2004
• Faster Wi-Fi Standard Nets Second Proposal, eweek 8/18/2004
• Group proposes faster Wi-Fi specification, CNET 8/12/2004
• City first for wi-fi connection, BBC 8/9/2004
• Boingo brings Wi-Fi to Olympics, CNET 8/9/2004
• Wardrivers Plead Guilty, Sentenced To Jail Time, CRN 8/9/2004
• T-Mobile USA Inks Wi-Fi Deal With Hyatt, Americas Network 6/4/2004
• Parks going broadband, LA Times 6/1/2004
• In New York, a bicycle built for Wi-Fi, CNET 5/7/2004
• Truckers taking to Wi-Fi, CNN 5/7/2004
• Free WiFi planned for Washington Mall, CNN 4/30/2004
• Getting Online, On the Road, Wash Post 4/27/2004
• China-US talks reach wi-fi deal, BBC 4/23/2004
• EarthLink broadens its Wi-Fi net, CNET 7/13/2004
• WiFi Becomes A Commodity, Extreme Tech 7/7/2004
• Wallpaper designed to protect Wi-Fi networks, CNET 6/29/2004
• FCC To 'Drop In' More Wireless Broadband, Internet News 4/16/2004
• FCC Begins Rulemaking Proposing to Allow Wireless Broadband Operations in the 3650-3700 MHz Band., FCC 4/16/2004
• San Francisco ballpark makes pitch for Wi-Fi fans, CNET 4/2/2004
• Boeing launch in-flight Wi-Fi, IT Vibe 3/26/2004
• McDonald's to supersize Wi-Fi, CNET 3/15/2004
• Wi-Fi Gains Voice Boost, Newsfactor 2/10/2004
• Burgers, fries and Wi-Fi?, CNN 1/8/2004
• Mobile net has 'best ever month', BBC 1/8/2004
• Wireless web reaches out in 2004, BBC 1/5/2004
• Comcast, T-Mobile to market hot spots, CNET 2/2/2004
• Acting Assistant Secretary of Commerce Michael D. Gallagher's PowerPoint presentation to the panel session "What's Next, WiFi" at the Consumer Electronics Show, Las Vegas Nevada, January 9th, 2004, has been posted., NTIA 1/13/2004
• T-Mobile Teams for Wi-Fi Roaming, PC World 12/16/2003
• Vodafone launches rival to wi-fi, BBC 12/9/2003
• Wireless Web even reaches Kashmir, CNN 11/7/2003
• FCC adopts new wireless rules, CNN 10/17/2003
• A tall latte with the Wi-Fi flavor of the month, CNET 12/9/2003
• BlackBerry aims to go Wi-Fi, CNET 12/9/2003
• What's in store for Wi-Fi standards?, CNET 12/5/2003
• Baby Bells' Wi-Fi Plans Evolve, Internet News 11/25/2003
• Intel raises the stakes on Wi-Fi chips, CNET 11/21/2003
• FCC expands frequencies for wireless Internet, Mercury 11/14/2003
• FCC Makes Additional Spectrum Available for Unlicensed Use., FCC 11/14/2003
• Wireless Networks Gain Spectrum, Wash Post 11/14/2003
• David Hughes Trip to Everest Installing Wifi Network, Hughes 11/11/2003
• Wi-Fi security concerns ease, CNET 11/7/2003
• Rural WISPs Share Success Stories, Wireless Week 11/5/2003
• FCC Acts to Speed Broadband Deployment in Rural America: Announces Details of Rural Wireless ISP Showcase and Workshop to be Held November 4, 2003., FCC 10/31/2003
• Wi-Fi takes the wheel, CNET 9/11/03
• Businesses Shun Wi-Fi, ElectricNews 9/11/03
• The ABCs of Wi-Fi and wireless technology, USA Today 9/11/03
• Broadcom Takes Wi-Fi Down To Single Chip, TechWeb 9/8/03
• New standard boosts Wi-Fi growth, CNET 8/14/03
• People confused by wi-fi jargon, BBC 8/12/03
• Panera Bread Goes Wi-Fi, For Free, MacWorld 8/12/03
• SBC, Verizon Raise Stakes in WiFi Access, ABC 8/6/03
• SBC to Offer Wi-Fi Access at 6,000 Spots, NYTimes 8/6/03
• McDonald's beefs up Wi-Fi trials, CNET 7/30/03
• WashPost: WiFi free, but vulnerable to hackers, Wash Post 7/28/03
• Read An Ad, Get Free Wi-Fi, Wired 7/25/03
• Take my Wi-Fi, please., USA Today 7/21/03
• Sprint PCS to begin offering public Wi- Fi access, USA Today 7/21/03
• UK beach gets wireless web, BBC 7/16/03
• Hot Spots: A Competitive Edge?, PC World 7/14/03
• Led by Intel, True Believers in Wi-Fi Say It Will Endure, NYTimes 7/14/03
• ISP helps members sell Net to neighbors, ZDNet 7/11/03
• Wi-Fi Hot Spot Market Picking Up, Internet News 7/11/03
• Wired Hotel, ABC 7/8/03
• Pupils learn in wi-fi wood, BBC 7/2/03
• Marriott offers Wi-Fi access, IHT 7/2/03
• SBC Wi-Fi Plan Takes Shape, Internet News 7/2/03
• Search on for top net cafes, BBC 6/30/03
• Free Wi-Fi On Way, Seattle Times 6/30/03
• UN urges wi-fi for all, BBC 6/27/03
• Reporter exploits Wi-Fi, USA Today 6/27/03
• Microsoft warms up to hot spots, CNET 6/24/03
• Wi-fi will be 'next dot.com crash', BBC 6/20/03
• Analysts cool to hot spots, CNET 6/20/03
• Bluetooth's Day Finally Arrives, TechWeb 6/30/03
• Wi-fi will be 'next dot.com crash', BBC 6/20/03
• Analysts cool to hot spots, CNET 6/20/03
• New Spectrum Adds Wi-Fi Channels, Newsfactor 6/19/03
• Otellini Says Wi-Fi Is 'Next Big Thing', ABC 6/9/03
• Lufthansa To Launch In-flight Wi-Fi, Bloomberg 5/28/03
• Verizon's Equalizer vs. the Cable Guys?, BWO 5/19/03
• 1,000 Pubs To Get Wi-Fi, Register 5/19/03
• Telecoms take up Wi-Fi sword, CNET 5/16/03
• Worldwide 802.11 Market Grew 1% in 1Q03, Due to Large Contribution from 802.11g, BBX 5/14/03
• Hooking Up Hotspots Provide Carriers with New Revenue Opportunities, BBX 5/14/03
• Verizon unwires New York with Wi-Fi access points, CW 5/14/03
• Verizon Plans To 'Wi-Fi' Pay Phones, atNY 5/12/03
• Hacked Wi-Fi security standard faces axe, VNUNET 5/6/03
• Wi-Fi security gets a boost, CNET 4/30/03
• Wi-Fi 'Hotspots' Go Live In Downtown NYC, atNY 4/30/03
• Why Wi-Fi Won't Rival Cellular Anytime Soon, BWO 4/28/03
• Wi-Fi, camera focus of new Palm devices, CNET 4/23/03
• Where Wi-Fi Goes from Here, BWO 4/17/03
• Verizon points Wi-Fi at small business, CNET 4/7/03
• McDonald's adds WiFi to menu, but there's little appetite, Mercury 4/4/03
• The Future of Telecom: Wi-Fi and Tie-Dye?, Newsfactor 4/4/03
• More Wireless Internet Access Set for Lower Manhattan Parks, NYTimes 4/4/03
• Microsoft's Wi-Fi ups and downs, CNET 3/28/03
• Wi-Fi firewall gets U.S. approval, CNET 3/24/03
• Wi-Fi is Hot at CTIA, Hope Remains for 3G, Internet News 3/21/03
• WiFi fever pervades wireless gathering, CNN 3/21/03
• The Wi-Fi Revolution, Wired 4/9/03
• T-Mobile bundles Wi-Fi, cellular, CNET 5/9/03
• No Wi-Fi From Comcast, Internet News 5/21/03
• Lufthansa To Launch In- flight Wi-Fi, Bloomberg 5/28/03
• Wi-Fi Hotspots Face Tough Road, EE times 5/28/03
• Is a Wi-Fi Bubble Building?,, BWO 5/23/03
• 802.11g heads for standards approval, CNET 5/23/03
• Start-up aims to improve Wi-Fi calls, CNET 5/21/03
• SBC plans public Wi-Fi network, CNET 5/21/03
• Wi-Fi is Hot at CTIA, Hope Remains for 3G, Internet News 3/21/03
• WiFi fever pervades wireless gathering, CNN 3/21/03
• WiFi fever pervades wireless gathering, CNN 3/19/03
• T-Mobile and Boingo Partner on Wi-Fi, Yahoo 3/19/03
• Wireless gets down to business, CNET 3/19/03
• Boingo, T-Mobile team on wireless roaming, CNET 3/19/03
• Businesses getting into Wi-Fi act, CNET 3/17/03
• Intel launches Centrino with eye on WiFi, Mercury 3/12/03
• Get ready to tune in to wireless Net, CNN 3/12/03
• Hot-spot hopefuls could get burned, CNET 3/12/03