Cybertelecom Federal Internet Law & Policy An Educational Project

Backbone Reference

Federal Action

• Telecommunications: Characteristics and Competitiveness of the Internet Backbone Market GAO-02-16, November 14., GAO 11/14/01
• FCC Releases Study of Internet Backbone Market: Study Concludes that Competitive Internet Backbone Market Should Remain Free of Telecommunications Regulation. News Release with links to paper. 9/26/00
• The Digital Handshake: Connecting Internet Backbones by Michael Kende, Director of Internet Policy Analysis; September 2000. [ Text  | Word97  | Acrobat  | News Release ]

FCC NRIC V Focus Group 4

• More info on NRIC
• NRIC Paper:  Service Provider Interconnection for Internet Protocol Best Effort Service, Network Reliability and Interoperability Council V Focus Group 4: Interoperability (2001)
• FOCUS GROUP 4 FINAL REPORT APPENDIX B Proposed Outline For White Paper on Internet Peering Service Provider Interconnection for Internet Protocol Best Effort Service Network Reliability and Interoperability Council V Focus Group 4: Interoperability (n.d.)
• NRIC Recommendations on the Posting of Peering Policies, NRIC 10/30/01
• Statement of NRIC V FG4 on Internet Peering. June 2001 Letter from FG4 to Jim Crowe, Chair of NRIC June 21, 2001

Other Governments

• France ARCEP
  • NEUTRALITÉ DE L'INTERNET ET DES RESEAUX April 19, 2012 [English]
  • Decision’s translation
  • Questionnaire to be filled in
  • ARCEP, Public Administrations' Approach to IP-interconnection, BEREC Expert Workshop on IP-interconnection in cooperation with the OECD, June 20, 2012
    • ARCEP does not intend to regulate this market today and stated it in its recent decision (cf. hereafter) : “the situation in data conveyance and interconnection markets today does not appear to warrant the introduction of ex ante regulation at this stage”.
    • IP interconnection - between operators - is covered by the Telecommunications Act (CPCE – L.34-8) ? « an interconnection request cannot be refused if it is justified by the solicitor's needs, on the one hand, and by the provider’s capacity to fulfill it, on the other hand. Any interconnection refusal should be reasoned by the provider »
    • ARCEP has the task of ensuring (CPCE–L.32-1) ? « end users’ ability to access and distribute information, and to access the applications and services of their choice »
    • Dispute settlement (CPCE–L.36-8) ? ARCEP may be required to specify the technical and pricing terms contained in data conveyance and interconnection agreements between two operators, or between an operator and a CAP.
    • Datagathering(CPCE–L.32-4) ? ARCEP can gather information on interconnection (including IPinterconnection) from operators and CAPs.
    • ARCEP published on 29 March 2012 a decision “on the implementation of a process for gathering information on the technical and pricing terms governing data conveyance and interconnection”.
    • The corresponding questionnaire refers to “data conveyance and interconnection relationships”. It covers both peering and transit relationships.
• BEREC
  • ERG/BEREC Documents on IP interconnection
    • ERG (07) 09: Report on IP interconnection
    • ERG (08) 26 Common Statement on Regulatory Principles of IP-IC/ NGN Core
    • BEREC (10) 24 rev1: Common Statement on Next Generation Networks Future Charging Mechanisms / Long Term Termination Issues
    • An assessment of IP interconnection in the context of Net Neutrality, BEREC (Dec. 6, 2012)
• BEREC Expert workshop on IP-interconnection in cooperation with OECD, June 2, 2012
  • William Lehr, Public Administrators Approach to IP Interconnection, BEREC Expert Workshop on IP-Interconnection in Cooperation with the OECD, June 20, 2012 ("Is there market-failure in IP Interconnect? NOT Today (I think)"). ~
  • An assessment of IP interconnection in the context of Net Neutrality, BEREC Report, Start p. 47 (Dec. 6, 2012) ~
  • Geoff Huston, A Report on the OECD/BEREC Workshop on Interconnection and Regulation, CIRCLEID June 28, 2012
• Nov. 2nd, 2011 Workshopoecd_workshop_agenda.pdf
  • Dennis Weller, Senior Advisor, Navigant Economics "IP Traffic Exchange;  Market Developments and Policy Challenges"weller.pdf
  • Martin Levy, Director, Hurricane Electric "The Background of Internet Interconnection" oecd_hurricane.pdf
  • Scott Marcus, Director, WIK-Consult, "IP interconnection, traffic trends, and wholesale and retail prices"oecd_scottmarcus.pdf
  • Bill Krogfoss, Strategy Director, Chief Technology Office Alcatel-Lucent "Internet Economy and Content Peering" oecd_kogfross.pdf
    
  • Falk von Bornstaedt, Head of Peering, Deutsche Telekom "IP Interconnection and differentiated QoS." oecd_bornstaedt.pdf
  • Patrick Gilmore, Chief Architect, Akamai oecd_akamai.pdf
  • Eric Ralph, Chief Economist of the Wireline Competition Bureau, FCC (Video message and teleconference)
  • News and Blogs
    • Rudolf van der Berg, Information Thought Dec. 20, 2011 BEREC Workshop

Statistics

• Packet Clearing House Internet Exchange Point Directory
• Hurricane Electric measurement of Adjacencies (measurement of interconnections)

Revenue from Internet Transit

• 2014: $1.2/Mbps (projected)
• 2008: $12/Mbps
• 2003: $120/Mbps
• 1998: $1200/Mbps

Source: ATLAS Internet Observatory, 2009 Annual Report (citing Bill Norton)

 

Papers & Presentations

• Geoff Huston,
  • Interconnection Peering and Settlements, INET’99 presentation
  • Interconnection, Peering and Settlements-Part I, The Internet Protocol Journal, Volume 2, Number 1, 3/99, Cisco Systems
  • Interconnection, Peering and Settlements-Part II, The Internet Protocol Journal, Volume 2, Number 2, 6/99, Cisco Systems,
• William B. Norton
  • The Evolution of the U.S. Internet Peering Ecosystem, DrPeering International (2011).
  • “Video Internet: The Next Wave of Massive Disruption to the US Peering Ecosystem”, Equinix White Paper 2008
  • The Evolution of the U.S. Internet Peering Ecosystem, Draft 1.1 (Nov. 19, 2003)
  • Interconnection Strategies for ISPs, Document v.2.0
  • A Business Case for ISP Peering, Draft 1.3
  • Interconnection Strategies for ISPs
  • Internet Service Providers and Peering,
  • Peering Decision Tree
  • The Art of Peering: The Peering Playbook~
• Bill Woodcock,
  • Weller, D. and B. Woodcock (2012), “Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges”, No. 207, OECD Digital Economy Papers.
  • White Paper on Transactions and Valuation Associated with Inter-Carrier Routing of Internet Protocol Traffic or BGP for Bankers, Version 0.2
  • Woodcock, Bill; Adhikari, Vijay (May 2, 2011). "Survey of Characteristics of Internet Carrier Interconnection Agreements" (pdf). Packet Clearing House
• Michael Kende
  • Michael Kende, Charles Hurpy, Assessment of the Impact of Internet Exchange Points - empirical study from Kenya and Nigeria, Internet Society (April 2012)
  • Analysys Mason (2012), Internet global growth: lessons for the future, September 2012
  • “Overview of Recent Changes in the IP interconnection ecosystem,” by Michael Kende, Partner, Analysys Mason.
  • The Digital Handshake: Connecting Internet Backbones by Michael Kende, Director of Internet Policy Analysis; September 2000. [ Text  | Word97  | Acrobat  | News Release ]
• November 2nd, 2011, BEREC organized a workshop on IP-interconnection together with the OECD :
  • Dennis Weller , Senior Advisor, Navigant Economics "IP Traffic Exchange;  Market Developments and Policy Challenges"
  • Martin Levy , Director, Hurricane Electric "The Background of Internet Interconnection"
  • Scott Marcus , Director, WIK-Consult, "IP interconnection, traffic trends, and wholesale and retail prices" (OECD 2011)
  • Bill Krogfoss , Strategy Director, Chief Technology Office Alcatel-Lucent "Internet Economy and Content Peering"
  • Falk von Bornstaedt , Head of Peering, Deutsche Telekom "IP Interconnection and differentiated QoS."
  • Patrick Gilmore , Chief Architect, Akamai 
  • Eric Ralph , Chief Economist of the Wireline Competition Bureau, FCC ( Video message and teleconference);
• Renesys
  • Martin A Brown, Clint Hepner, Alin Popescu, Internet Captivity and the De-Peering Menace: Peering Wars: Episode 1239.174, Presentation at NANOG (Jan. 2009)
  • A Baker's Dozen in 2009, Renesys
  • Cogent Becomes Transit-Free, Renesys 6/26/2008
  • D(3)peered: Just the Facts Ma'aM, Renesys Presentation at NANOG (Oct. 24, 2005).
• Dhamdere, Amogh
  • Dhamdere, Amogh (2009), Provider and Peer Selection in the Evolving Internet Ecosystem, Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, May 2009 BoR (12) 130 62
  • Dhamdhere Amogh and Pierre Francois, Constantine Dovrolis , A Value-based Framework for Internet Peering Agreements, In the Proceedings of the International Teletraffic Congress (ITC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Sept 2010
  • Dhamdere, Amogh and Constantine Dovrolis (2010), The Internet is Flat: Modelling the Transition from a Transit. Hierarchy to a Peering Mesh, Proceedings of ACM CoNEXT, Phil- adelphia PA, Dec. 2010
  • Dhamdere, Amogh and Constantine Dovrolis, Pierre Francois, Kc Claffy (2011), The Eco- nomics of Transit and Peering Interconnections in the Internet. Aug. 12, 2011
• Rob Frieden, Rationales for and against Regulatory Involvement in Resolving Internet Interconnection Disputes, 14 Yale J.L. & Tech. 266 (2012) ~
• Canadian Peering Panel , NANOG 55 June 2012 (video archive)
• Israel, Mark A and Besen, Stanley M., The Evolution of Internet Interconnection from Hierarchy to 'Mesh': Implications for Government Regulation (July 11, 2012). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2104323
• Inter-X: Resilience of the Internet Interconnection Ecosystem, Full Report, European Network and Information Security Agency, (April 2011).
• Christopher S. Yoo, Innovations in the The Internet's Architecture that Challenge the Status Quo , 8 J. TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. 79 (Winter, 2010)
• Bonneau, Vincent (2010), Evolution of the CDN Market, CDN World Summit 2010
• Cisco (2010), Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forcast and Methodology 2009-2014
• Cisco (2010a), IP NGN Backbone Routers for the Next Decade
• CAIDA.org (2010), The economics of transit and peering interconnections in the Internet
• Resilience of the Internet Interconnection Ecosystem , European Network and Information Security Agency Dec. 31, 2010
• William Lehr, Steven Bauer and David Clark, "The Evolution of Internet Congestion," paper prepared for 37th TPRC, Arlington, VA, September 2009. 
• *Kevin Werbach, The Centripetal Network: How the Internet Holds Itself Together, and Forces Tearing It Apart, 42 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 343 (2008)
• Faratin, Clark, et al, “The Growing Complexity of Internet Interconnection,” 72 Communications & Strategies 51 (2008)
• Nancy Paterson, Bandwidth is Political: Reachability in the Public Internet  A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY JOINT GRADUATE PROGRAM IN COMMUNICATION & CULTURE YORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO, ONTARIO DECEMBER 2009
• Peyman Faratin, David Clark, Steven Bauer, William Lehr, Patrick Gilmore, Arthur Berger, The Growing Complexity of Internet Interconnection, Communications & Strategies, No. 72, 4th Q 2008
• International Internet Interconnection, GSR 2007 Discussion Paper, ITU
• P. Faratin and D. Clark and P. Gilmore and S. Bauer and A. Berger and W. Lehr, “Complexity of Internet interconnections: Technology, incentives and implications for policy”. The 35th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC), 2007.
• OECD Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies, TELECOMMUNICATION REGULATORY INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES AND RESPONSIBILITIES , DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)6/FINAL (2006)
• Nicholas Economides, The Economics of the Internet Backbone, Chapter 9, Handbook of Telecommunications Economics, 2005
• Lyman Chapin, Chris Owens, Interconnection and Peering among Internet Service Providers: A Historical Perspective, An Interisle White Paper (2005).
  
• May 2002 - Study on The Economics of IP Networks - Market, Technical and Public Policy Issues Relating to Internet Traffic Exchange, by WIK-Consult., EU Info Society 4/6/2004
• Steve Gibbard, Economics of Peering (Oct. 2004)
• Webcast: Hot Potatoes Heat Up BGP Routing, NANOG 3/26/2004
• Webcast: Making Sense of BGP, NANOG 3/26/2004
• Internet Infrastructure and Access, Henning Schulzrinne Slide presentation on backbones Fall 2003
• Daniel Golding, AOL, Peering Evolution: Trends in Internetwork Peering, Presentation at NANOG 27 (Feb. 10, 2003)
• Giovannetti, E. and C. Ristuccia (2003), Estimating Market Power in the Internet Backbone Using Band-X Data, DAE Working Paper No. 0332, University of Cambridge, UK.
• Laffont, J.-J., S. Marcus, P. Rey and J. Tirole (2003), Internet Interconnection and the Off-Net-Cost Pricing Principle, RAND Journal of Economics 34(2)
• Daniel C.H. Mah , Explaining Internet Connectivity: Voluntary Interconnection Among Commercial Internet Service Providers, TPRC 9/13/03
• OECD Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies, INTERNET TRAFFIC EXCHANGE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF END-TO-END INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION COMPETITION , DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2001)5/FINAL (2002)
• Stanley M. Besen, et al., Evaluating the Competitive Effects of Mergers of Internet Backbone Providers, 2 ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 187, at 189-90 (2002)
• OECD Workshop on Internet Traffic Exchange June 2001
• AGENDA
• Intro
• Ulrich Mohr, Head of Section, International Policy on Telecommunications and Posts, BMWI, Germany, Welcome
• Sam Paltridge, OECD
• TRAFFIC EXCHANGE IN THE NEW ENVIRONMENT: GLOBAL NETWORKS
• Scott Marcus, Chief Technology Officer, Genuity, Global Traffic Exchange between ISPs
• Jean-Claude Geha, Telia, Next Generation Traffic Exchange
• Mathew Dovens, Senior Director, Cable and Wireless, Relationship Between Networks
• Bill Scott, NOIE, Australian Government, Issues of Internet Charging from an Australian Perspective
• Ricardo Rodriguez, Cofetel, Mexico
• Richard Cawley, European Commission, Traffic Exchange, Global Networks
• TRENDS IN GLOBAL CAPACITY AVAILABILITY AND TRADING
• Jeremy Barnes, Director, IP Deployment, Level 3
• Bruce Girdlestone, Vice President Network Trading, Band-X, Trends in Global Capacity Availability and Trading
• Geoff Huston, Chief Scientist, Telstra Internet, The Changing Structure of the Internet
• GLOBAL INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
• Don Abelson, Chief, International Bureau, FCC, ICAIS: Myths Versus Reality
• Tim Kelly, Chief, Strategy and Policy Unit, ITU, Global Internet Connectivity and the digital divide
• Sam Paltridge, OECD
• LOCAL INTERNET INTERCONNECTION
• Simon Hampton, Director of European Public Affairs, AOL Europe. Local Internet interconnection
• Barbara Dooley, President, Commercial Internet eXchange, Local Competition and ISPs:  The American Experience
• Wolfgang Kopf, Vice President, Deutsche Telekom, Local Internet Interconnection:  The German Situation
• Geoff Brighton and Priya Sinha,Compliance Directorate, Oftel, Friaco: Unmetered Internet Access in UK
• Telegeography, Packet Geography 2002 Global Internet Statistics and Commentary
• J Scott Marcus, Genuity, Global Traffic Exchange among ISPs, OECD Internet Traffic Exchange (June 7, 2001) (powerpoint slides on PDF)
• Scott Marcus, Global Traffic Exchange among Internet Service Providers, OECD Briefing (2001)
• The Impact of Peering on ISP Performance: What's Best for You? Net Mag Nov 2001
• Jean Claude Geha, Telia, Next Gen Traffic Exchange, OECD, (June 7, 2001) (Powerpoint on PDF)
• Dr. Mathew Dovens, C&W, Relationship Between Networks, OECD (June 7, 2001)
• Bill Scott, National Office Information Economy, Australia, Issues in Internet Charging from an Australian Perspective, (June 7, 2001)
• Ricardo Rodriguez, Cofetel, Mexico, Internet Workshop (June 7, 2001)
• Brett M. Frischmann, Privatization and Commercialization of the Internet Infrastructure: Rethinking Market Intervention into Government and Government Intervention into the Market, 2 COLUM. SCI. & TECH. L. REV. 1 (2001)
• Besen, S., P. Milgrom, B. Mitchell and P. Srinagesh (2001), Advancing in Routing Technologies and Internet Peering Arrangements, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 91
• Richard Cawley, Traffic Exchanges, Global Networks, OECD (June 7, 2001)
• Kesan, Jay P. and Shah, Rajiv C., Fool Us Once Shame on You - Fool Us Twice Shame on Us: What We Can Learn from the Privatizations of the Internet Backbone Network and the Domain Name System. As published in Washington University Law Quarterly, Vol. 79, P. 89, 2001.
• Jean-Jacques Laffont, J. Scott Marcus, Patrick Rey and Jean Tirole, "Internet Interconnection", American Economic Review, Vol. 91, No. 2, May 2001.
• Jean-Jacques Laffont and Jean Tirole, Competition in Telecommunications, MIT Press, 2000.
• Plano Editorial:  1st Seminar International Telecommunications:  Internet: Determing Price and Universal Access
• Michael Kende - Consultor senior da empresa norte-americana Analysys Consulting Limited, ex-funcionário da Federal Communications Comission (FCC):  Internet Business Models and the Competitive Dynamics of the Backbone Market (April 2001) Powerpoint
• S. Butler, The Evolution of Internet Interconnections, Capstone Project, M.S. in Information Technologies, Rochester Institute of Technology, 8/00
• Connectivity in the Commercial Internet  (with J. Crémer andJ. Tirole), 2000,  Journal of Industrial Economics
• Sean Butler, Capstone Project, The Evolution of Internet Interconnection, August 2000
• Presentation: Rob Frieden, The Changing Dynamics of Internet Peering, Fall 2000 Meeting of the Computer and Communications Industry Association; CCIA Presentation
• D. Clark, W. Lehr and I. Liu. Provisioning for Bursty Internet Traffic: Implications for Industry and Internet Structure. MIT ITC Workshop on Internet Quality of Service. Nov. 1999
• Baake, P. and T. Wichmann (1999), On the Economics of Internet Peering, Netnomics
• J. Cremer, P. Rey, and J. Tirole, Connectivity in the Commercial Internet, Toulouse, Institut economie industrielle, 1999, presented at "Competition and Innovation in the Personal Computer Industry", San Diego, April, 1999.
  • Connectivity in The Commercial Internet,” Journal of Industrial Economics, v. 48, n.4, pp. 433-472, December 2000
• K. Cukier, Peering and Fearing:  ISP Interconnection and Regulatory Issues
• P. Reichl, S. Leinen, and B. Stiller, A Practical Review of Pricing and Cost Recovery for Internet Services, IEW '99, 2nd Internet Economics Workshop, Berlin, Germany, May 28-29, 1999,
• J. Scott Marcus, "Designing Wide Area Networks and Internetworks:  A Practical Guide", particularly Chapter 14 "The Public Internet, Unique Design Considerations", Addison Wesley Longman, 1999.
• Rob Frieden, Without Public Peer: The Potential Regulatory and Universal Service Consequences of Internet Balkanization, 3 VA. J.L. & TECH. 8 (Fall 1998)
• OECD, Internet Traffic Exchange, Policy and Development , 1998 OECD, Workshop on Internet Traffic Exchange, Berlin, Germany, June 7-8, 2001, e.g., see G Huston (Telstra) "The Changing Structure of the Internet", and Jean Claude Geha (Telia) "Next Generation Traffic Exchange".;
• Kenneth Neil Cukier, Peering and Fearing: ISP Interconnection and Regulatory Issues (1997)

Content Delivery Network (CDN)

• Companies
  • Akamai
  • Amazon
  • Google
  • Level 3
  • Limelight
  • Netflix (Open Connect)
• NANOG 55 CDN Panel 2012
• Blake Crosby, CBC, 100 Terabytes a Day: How CBC Delivers Content to Canadians, NANOG 55 (June 3, 2012) (good discussion of use of CDN)
  

Links

Traffic Reports

Internet Weather Report Matrix.net

Internet Traffic Report

Internet Health Report Keynote

Above.net's Real-time Network Status

Boardwatch's Director of ISPs (directory of  North American Backbones)

Cable & Wireless Peering Policy

Schematic of Internet Backbone

Sprint Internet Services

Telegeography Internet Exchange Point Directory

TCG Cerfnet

Packet Clearing House Internet Exchange Directory

European Internet Exchange Association

Network Startup Resource Network, Routing, BGP and IXP Resources;

The North American Network Operators' Group, Peering Links

Backbone Topology (PDF)

Exchange Points

Listing by PCH.NET

Public Network Access Points (NAP Listservs)

Nap.net Recently acquired by GTE (Network Exchange Points).

ColoSource Internet eXchange Points

Exchange Point Information

Dallas Fort Worth

Equinix Dallas IBX

MAE Central (Dallas)

PAIX Dallas

Books

• Interconnecting the Network of Networks by Eli M. Noam
• Designing Wide Area Networks and Internetworks: A Practical Guide by J. Scott Marcus

Notes

• Boardwatch magazines' Internet Directory reported in 2001 that there were approximately 35 Internet backbone providers (down 6 from the previous years directory). 

News

• Comcast Continues Discussions With Level 3 -- Offers to Trial New Solutions, COMCAST 12/17/2010
• Level 3 Still Insists Comcast Misleading Everyone - PR pendulum continues to sway back and forth, dslreports 12/10/2010
• Two Stories about the Comcast/Level 3 Dispute (Part 2), Freedom to Tinker 12/10/2010
• FCC looks into Level 3, Comcast content dispute, CW 12/1/2010
• Plans for new Kenyan IXP begin to take shape, ISOC 9/17/2009
• Equinix to Build Its Sixth Data Center in Region, Wash Post 9/15/2009
• Nigeria: New Submarine Internet Cable Lands in Lagos, Global Voices 9/8/2009
• 1st Workshop on Internet Economics, CAIDA 8/27/2009
• Annual Global IP Traffic Will Exceed Two-Third of a Zettabyte in 4 Years, CircleID 6/11/2009
• Who Protects The Internet?, Pop Sci 4/2/2009
• The Story Behind The Sprint/Cogent Feud - He said, she said, followed by an Internet blackout..., dslreports 12/5/2008
• Backbone Analysis Puts Exaflood Myth To Bed - Wireless growth exploding, but wireline growth may actually be slowing., dslreports 11/25/2008
• How Fast is Internet Traffic Growing?, CircleID 11/25/2008
• Sprint And Cogent Remind Us That The Internet Is Held Together With Handshakes And Duct Tape, Techdirt 11/5/2008
• Internet transit prices, Telecom Industry and Regulation 10/15/2008
• Transpacific undersea cable completed, CNET 9/30/2008
• Internet Traffic Begins to Bypass the U.S., NYT 9/2/2008
• Work begins on Google-backed 'Unity' undersea cable, CW 6/24/2008
• Google helping expand undersea cable infrastructure, CNET 8/27/2008
• Identifying key regulatory and policy issues to ensure open access to regional backbone infrastructure initiatives in Africa, World Bank 4/29/2005
• ISP backbones stand up to 30 day test, NWFusion 12/16/02
• When The Net's Backbone Is Out Of Joint, BWO 10/9/02
• Navigating Risks and Opportunities in the North American Backbone Market 6/1/01 , AllNetResearch 1/24/02
• ISP Backbone Market Forecast, ISP Planet 1/24/02
• ISP Backbone Market to Remain Flat Through 2002, Cahners InStat 1/24/02
• The Impact of Peering on ISP Performance:  What's Best for You  Network Magazine  November 2001:  Global Distribution of NAPS:  North America 37.5%, Europe 34.6%, Asia & Pacific 21.3%, Latin America and Caribbean 5.1%, Africa 1.5%.
• The Old Boys Network, Data Communications (October 1999)
• Damaged cables slow Net access in Asia, CNET 9/20/01
• PSI Net Agrees to Sell Hong Kong Operations, Internetnews 07/10/01
• NAP Set to Open in Miami, ZDNet 6/29/01
• Global Crossing Finishes Network, ON 6/21/01
• C&W, PSINet Drop Peering Agreement, InternetNews 6/6/01
• Winds Of Change For Backbone Providers, ISPPLanet 6/15/01
• PSINet files for bankruptcy protection, CNET 06/01/01
• PSINet Files For Chapter 11, InternetNews 06/01/01
• PSINet Files For Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection, Internetnews 06/01/01
• The ISP top dogs, NW Fusion May 2001
• PSINet To Sell Unit For Quick Cash, WashPost 2/15/01
• Denise Pappalardo, When Private Peering Arrangements Go Bad, NETWORK WORLD, June 11, 2001, at 8
• Neil Weinberg, Backbone Bullies, FORBES, June 12, 2000
• AGIS Sold to Swedes InternetNews 4/26
• ISPs Plan Backbone Boost InternetNews 3/31
• AGIS Backbone Buckles (files for bankruptcy) Internet News 3/2
• Enron Opens Bandwidth Commodity Trading Service InternetNews 12/3
• C&W launch global backbone ZDNET 11/15/99
• SGI to Test Indian Internet Backbone by November InternetNews 9/20/99
• C&W expands its U.S. network capacity C|NET 9/13/99

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