Cybertelecom Federal Internet Law & Policy An Educational Project

DNS: ICANN

The success of the domain name system created two problems: who controls the domain name system and who has the right to a domain name. While trademark law attempts to answer in part who has the right to a domain name, the establishment of ICANN was US Government's attempt to answer in part who controls the DNS.

A complete history of the domain name wars, how DNS and IP numbers work, and the formation of ICANN is beyond the scope of this project. In short, the domain name system was developed in the early 1980s. In 1991-92, the US National Science Foundation assumed administrative responsibilities for the non-military portions of the Internet. In 1992, NSF entered into an arrangement with Network Solutions, Inc. for the administration of domain name registration in the generic top level domains: .com, .org, .edu, and .net. As a result, NSI acquired sole control over the crucial .com domain name database.

In time, NSF sought to withdraw its support of the DNS, but the US Government considered it too important to fully let go. An attempt by the Internet Society, acting as the International Ad Hoc Committee, to establish private Internet governance was highly criticized. There was also concern that the International Telecommunications Union might attempt to exert authority over DNS. This led the White House and the Department of Commerce to step in. The US Government released The Green Paper, A Proposal To Improve Technical Management Of Internet Names And Addresses Discussion Draft (Green Paper), Department of Commerce (1/30/98), a proposal for how to privatize the DNS, and then The White Paper, Management of Internet Names and Addresses (White Paper), Department of Commerce (June 5, 1998), final guidelines for the privatization of the DNS. Following the guidance set forth in The White Paper, the Internet community, or factions thereof, organized the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), a non-profit organization incorporated in California. The Department of Commerce office the National Information and Telecommunications Administration (NTIA) surveyed the field of potentially organized Internet groups at that time, recognized ICANN as comporting with its directives, and proceeded to enter into an MOU with ICANN for the technical administration of the DNS. NTIA is currently the USG office tasked with DNS oversight and NTIA regularly renews the MOU with ICANN.

The authority of ICANN is derived from its contract with the US Government and from the participation of the representative Internet stakeholders (ie., generally no one can force the Regional Internet Registries or the country code top level domain holders to work with ICANN except through mutual agreement). See NTIA Website: Management of Internet Names and Addresses. See also Government Accounting Office, Department of Commerce: Relationship with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(July 7, 2000).

Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy 

Note that the UDRP has undergone significant criticism. See ICANNWatch <www.icannwatch.org>; Milton Mueller, Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy, The Information Society (2001).

• FCC Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas, SA v. "FCC.COM", Case No. D2007-0770 (WIPO October 7, 2007), WIPO 10/18/2007

See also ACPA :: Cybersquatters Personal Names . See also Sullen (UDRP non binding); Parisi (court review is de novo).

Papers

• Klein and Mueller: What to do About ICANN: A Proposal for Structural Reform. (April 2005), Internet Governance 7/22/2005
• Jay Kesan, Andres Gallo, The Market for Private Dispute Resolution Services - An Empirical Re-Assessment of ICANN-UDRP Performance, SSRN 3/25/2005
• Krishna P. Jayakar, The Internet Domain Name System: Private Property or Public Resource?, TPRC 10/2/2004
• Emmanuel A. Caral, Lessons From ICANN: Is Self-Regulation of The Internet Fundamentally Flawed? Int’l.J.L.& Info.Tech. (Mar. 2004)
• A Study On The Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), EU Info Society November 2003
• Milton Mueller, Lee McKnight , The Post-.COM Internet: Toward Regular and Objective Procedures for Internet Governance, TPRC 9/13/03
• Kim G. vonArx, Now And Then: Icann's Reform And Its Problems, 2003 Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 7 (recounting ICANN reform difficulties).
• Paper, Dan Hunter, ICANN and the Concept of Democratic Deficit, SSRN 6/24/03
• Simson Garfinkle, “The Net’s Faltering Democracy,” Technology Review, Vol. 106 (2) 30, March 2003
• Jonathan Weinberg, “ICANN, Internet Stability, and New Top Level Domains,” 2002,
• Tamar Frankel: Accountability and Oversight of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) SSRN 10/30/02
• Bret Fausett, “A Discussion Paper on the Introduction of new TLDs,” Version 1.0, October 17, 2002.
• Regional Internet Registry Joint Statement on ICANN Evolution and Reform
• ICANN & Anti-Trust Michael Froomkin Mark Lemley TPRC Fall 2001; ICANN and Antitrust , SSRN 1/17/02
• ICANN as Regulator  Jonathan Weinberg TPRC Fall 2001
• ICANN and the Problem of Legitimacy, 50 Duke L.J. 187 (2000)
• A. Michael Froomkin, “Wrong Turn in Cyberspace: Using ICANN to Route Around the APA and the Constitution,” 50 Duke L.J. 17 (2000)
• Jason M. Osborn, Effective And Complementary Solutions To Domain Name Disputes: ICANN's Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy And The Federal Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act Of 1999, 76 Notre Dame L.Rev. 209 (2000).
• Milton Mueller, An Analysis of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (2000)
• Jean Camp, "Internet Governance, From Meritocracy to Adhocracy to Bureaucracy" Presentation. CPSR 1999
• Geeks and Greeks -- a draft paper on ICANN's at-large membership (7/24/01 version)
• Sharon Eisner Gillett, Mitchell Kapor, The Self-Governing Internet: Coordination by Design.   In Brian Kahin and James H. Keller, eds., Coordinating the Internet, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997.

Links

• ICANN Government Advisory Committee

News & Blogs

• Internet Governance Consultations in Geneva, IGP 9/16/2008
• ICANN loses own addresses, Globe and Mail 7/8/2008
• If ICANN Can't Even Control Its Own Domain Names., Techdirt 7/8/2008
• New Flavors for Addresses on the Web Are on the Way, NYT 6/30/2008
• ICANN Board Approves Sweeping Overhaul of Top-level Domains, CircleID 6/27/2008
• Launch of .PARIS, CircleID 6/27/2008
• Direct From ICANN Paris Meeting: Surprise! The Money is What Matters!, Lauren Weinstein 6/27/2008
• ICANN to vote on new Internet domain names, CNET 6/24/2008
• ICANN GNSO Votes to Kill Domain Tasting, CircleID 4/21/2008
• ICANN Posts Draft FY09 Operating Plan and Budget, ICANN 5/20/2008
• Public Comment Period Now Open for Domain Tasting Motion, ICANN 5/9/2008
• ICANN's Unaudited Gift to Verisign of over $500,000 Dollars per Year, Cook's Collaborative Edge 4/17/2008
• Groups Insist ICANN Must Maintain Ties with U.S. Department of Commerce after 2009 Expiration Date, CircleID 3/10/2008
• ITIF Comments on the Midterm Review of the Joint Project Agreement between NTIA and ICANN, ITIF 2/15/2008
• ICANN Opens 31st International Public Meeting in New Delhi, ICANN 2/11/2008
• ICANN Finally Realizes Domain Tasting Is A Problem, Might Fix It Sometime This Decade, Techdirt 1/10/2008
• Personal name must have trademark significance for protection under ACPA, Internet Cases 1/24/2008
• ICANN Opens 31st International Public Meeting in New Delhi, ICANN 2/11/2008
• Comment Sought on DNS Root Zone Glue Policy, ICANN 2/7/2008
• Public Comments Requested on DNS Stability: The Effect of New gTLDs on the Internet Domain Name System, ICANN 2/7/2008
• Reforming ICANN Oversight: A Historic Opportunity, IGP 2/7/2008
• ICANN Actually Does Something About Domain Tasting, eweek 2/1/2008
• ICANN Has Submitted Plea to be Freed from U.S. Government Control, CircleID 1/24/2008
• Oxford Internet Institute to Hold Forum on History and Future of DNS, CircleID 1/24/2008
• GNSO Initial Report on Domain Tasting, ICANN 1/8/2008
• US Internet Control Discussed in Brazil, Wash Post 11/13/2007
• U.S. control over Internet debated, Globe and Mail 11/9/2007
• New Chairman of ICANN Elected Unanimously, ICANN 11/5/2007
• ICANN Investigating "Domain Name Front Running", CircleID 10/26/2007
• ICANN as Fake Institution: WHOIS, Privacy and Credible Commitment, IGP 10/26/2007
• ICANN Meeting Will Proceed Despite Fires, Tech Daily Dose 10/26/2007
• ICANN to Face Major Transition as Vint Cerf Steps Down, CircleID 7/5/2007
• Discussion at the Internet Governance Forum in Geneva, CircleID 6/1/2007
• New domain names coming in mid-2008, says ICANN, America's Network 5/15/2007
• Vint Cerf Speaking Candidly as ICANN Chairmanship Ends, CircleID 5/8/2007
• ICANN is the USSR of the internet - Karl Auerbach speaks out, Register 4/24/2007
• ICANN may be looking for immunity from U.S. law, CNET 4/3/2007
• ICANN reviews domain name sellers, Globe and Mail 3/27/2007
• Who is ICANN and Where Does it Fit With Internet Governance?, CircleID 3/8/2007
• ICANN approves domain for Asia-Pacific, Globe and Mail 10/20/2006
• ICANN Sacrifices Privacy for Shot at Independence, CircleID 10/11/2006
• U.S. to allow ICANN independence by 2009, MSNBC 10/3/2006
• ICANN Joint Project Agreement:, NTIA 9/29/2006
• Tiering, It's Not Just For Telcos Anymore, Tales from the Sausage Factory 9/1/2006
• ICANN to Cut U.S. Apron Strings?, BWO 7/28/2006
• U.S. Still Has Keys to ICANN, Internet News 7/28/2006
• Hearing looks at Internet name privatization plan, Reuters 7/25/2006
• Time to loosen your grip on the net, US is told, Guardian 7/21/2006
• ICANN needs to clamp down on domain name abuse, CNET 6/21/2006
• Domain Wars Rage On, BWO 5/23/2006
• Internet regulator approves .tel domain, Globe and Mail 5/16/2006
• A Web Address for a Phone Number? Do .Tel, eWeek 5/16/2006
• Why ICANN Nominating Committee Has Difficulty Finding Directors, CircleID 5/19/2006
• Internet regulator approves .tel domain, Globe and Mail 5/16/2006
• A Web Address for a Phone Number? Do .Tel, eWeek 5/16/2006
• ICANN Meets To Hash Out Internet's Problems, Newsfactor 3/28/2006
• Revised ICANN, VeriSign Deal Still Uncertain, Internet news 2/17/2006
• February meeting on future of internet, Register 1/13/2006
• US net body challenged over .com, BBC 11/29/2005
• Trade group challenges ICANN-VeriSign settlement, CNET 11/29/2005
• ICANN Considers Freeing Up Single-Letter Domains, Information Week 11/29/2005
• Welcome to the Root, .MOBI, CircleID 11/1/2005
• Internet Body in Settlement With VeriSign, Wash Post 10/24/2005
• Verisign Gets .COM Forever, But ICANN Gets a Lobbyist, CircleID 10/24/2005
• Travel industry gets its own dedicated domain on Internet, Taipei Times 10/5/2005
• Public Policy Questions for Internet, CircleID 9/19/2005
• To Meow or not to Meow: .CAT TLD approved by ICANN, CircleID 9/19/2005
• Strategies to deal with homographs in Internationalized Domain Names, ITU 7/26/2005
• Travel oriented entities to have own address on Internet, Hindu Business Linie 8/30/2005
• ICANN Concludes 23rd International Meeting with Action on Domain Name Security and Global Addressing Policy, ICANN 7/22/2005
• ICANN president delivers internet vision, Register 7/19/2005
• ICANN Delays Non-English Letters, Wired 7/19/2005
• Putting Multiple Root Nameserver Issue to Rest, CircleID 6/29/2005
• ICANN Nominating Committee Extends Deadline for Submissions to 20 July 2005, ICANN 6/14/2005
• ICANN Board Designates VeriSign to Retain Control of .NET Registry, ICANN 6/10/2005
• A battle for the soul of the Internet, ZDNet 6/10/2005
• WIPO Recommends Uniform Mechanism to Regulate Domain Name Registrations, ITU 6/3/2005
• ICANN Posts Proposed FY 2005-06 Budget, ICANN 5/21/2005
• ICANN Call for Submissions of Interest for Leadership, CircleID 5/17/2005
• Working Group on Internet Governance Questionnaire Posted for Comment, ITU 5/13/2005
• Revised Strategic Plan Posted for Public Comment, ICANN 5/13/2005
• Global poker game for the internet goes on, Register 5/3/2005
• Opinion: ICANN, the ITU, WSIS, and Internet Governance by Geoff Huston, APNIC, IP Journal 4/22/2005
• ICANN Completes Negotiations with Applicants for .JOBS and .TRAVEL, ICANN 3/25/2005
• ICANN Officially Designates .JOBS & .TRAVEL, ICANN 4/11/2005
• ICANN Concludes 22nd Meeting with Major Announcements on AfriNIC, sTLDs & IPv4, ICANN 4/11/2005
• U.N. Must Earn Net Role, eweek 4/11/2005
• ICANN approval moves .eu domain forward, Standard 3/25/2005
• Unnoticed fee could raise Internet domain costs, UNDP 12/21/2004
• ICANN Gives Preliminary OK to 2 Domains, eweek 12/14/2004
• After Years of Battle, Some '.md' Web Sites Are Going Online, NYT 12/14/2004
• The space warrior, the witch and ICANN, CNET 12/7/2004
• ICANN selects its wardens, Register 12/3/2004
• ICANN domain transfer policy takes effect, NW Fusion 11/12/2004
• U.N. creates Internet governance working group, NW Fusion 11/12/2004
• A Kink in .Travel Plans, InternetNews 11/3/2004
• Domain Apps Progress Through ICANN, InternetNews 10/29/2004
• ICANN breaks budget impasse, CNET 10/15/2004
• Internet Governance: The State Of Play, UN ICT 9/14/2004
• UN 'off track on Internet ' - Cerf, Qlinks 7/23/2004
• Why ICANN('t) pay the bill, IDG 6/14/2004
• ICANN Committee Calls for Permanent End to SiteFinder, eWeek 7/13/2004
• VeriSign Amends ICANN Suit, eWeek 6/17/2004
• ICANN wins round in Internet suit, CNET 5/20/2004
• Internet Governance: The Way from Geneva to Tunis, ITU 5/7/2004
• ICANN - External forces chip away at Internet&rsquo;s overseer, IHT 3/11/2004
• Internet Regulator OKs Wait-Listing Service, Wash Post 3/8/2004
• ICANN Fleshes Out Global Ambitions, Internet News 3/4/2004
• ICANN 'disappointed' in VeriSign, CNET 3/1/2004
• Can A Lawsuit Fix The Domain Name Mess?, Forbes 3/1/2004
• Decision Nears on Contentious Domain Name Service, eweek 2/26/2004
• Suit Challenges Powers of Key Internet Authority, Wash Post 2/26/2004
• Court rules in favor of ICANN, CNET 11/17/2003
• ICANN to Open Office in Brussels, ICANN 10/31/2003
• Cerf: ICANN finally working on 'substantive issues', InfoWorld 10/27/2003
• VeriSign Won't Suspend SiteFinder, Wash Post 9/29/03
• VeriSign Suspends SiteFinder Service, TechNewsWorld 10/6/03
• ICANN Stands Tall, Wash Post 10/6/03
• ICANN Demands VeriSign Shut Down SiteFinder, Internet News 10/3/03
• VeriSign Sticks To Its Guns On Site Finder Battle, CMP 9/26/03
• With Site Finder, VeriSign Sparks Internet-wide Criticism, Wash Post 9/26/03
• Senators to Quiz New ICANN Leader, Wash Post 8/4/03
• ICANN Makes Peace, Forms ccNSO, Internet News 6/27/03
• ICANN approves framework for greater public input, InfoWorld 6/27/03
• Bill challenges ICANN, VeriSign, CNET 6/20/03
• Bill challenges ICANN, VeriSign, CNET 6/20/03
• Australian Tapped To Run Internet Group, Wash Post 3/19/03
• The Net's Faltering Democracy, Newsfactor 3/19/03
• Europe Threatens To Invade ICANN, Register 2/10/03
• Malaysia Elected Unopposed As Chair of GAC, Burmana 1/21/03
• ICANN Board Okays Plan For New TLDs, Info World 12/16/02
• ICANN to approve new domains, CNET 12/16/02
• Preliminary Report - Fourth Annual Meeting of the ICANN Board in Amsterdam, ICANN 12/16/02
• New Net names coming, USA Today 12/16/02
• ICANN plays safe with new domain plans Register 11/12/02
• Will Big Business Dictate Public Interest? Internet News 10/15/02
• Größere Rolle der EU im ICANN-Regierungsbeirat Heise 11/5/02
• ICANN Nixes At-Large Reps Wired 11/1/02
• ICANN votes to remove direct elections Electronicnews 11/1/02
• ICANN drops elected board seats MSNBC 11/1/02
• Lowering the Veil of Secrecy? CNET 11/1/02
• ICANN approves election reform plan CNET 11/1/02
• ICANN Threatens VeriSign, Wash Post 9/6/02
• Domain Retailers Back ICANN, Wash Post 8/16/02
• Internet Registry Giants Want ICANN Heeled, Wash Post 8/2/02
• ICANN Ordered To Open Books, Internet News 7/31/02
• ICANN statement on court decision, ICANN 7/31/02
• Karl Wins, Blog 7/29/02
• .ORG Decision Looms Large, Wash Post 7/29/02
• ICANN Delays Naming .org Successor, Internet News 7/26/02
• ICANN Board Adopts Reform Plan, Ditches Elections, Register 7/1/02
• ICANN Critics Consider Options, Wash Post 7/1/02
• ICANN Hearing Real Audio, U Oregon 6/28/02
• Board Takes Feedback On ICANN Reform, Internet News 6/28/02
• Internet Group Leaves Ordinary Surfer High and Dry, Reuters 6/28/02
• ICANN board approves reform agenda, NW Fusion 6/28/02
• ICANN Squeezes Out Regular Folk, Wired 6/28/02
• ICANN to Net users: No, you can't, CNET 6/28/02
• Directors Approve Lynn Reform, Internet News 6/28/02
• ITAA Calls for Continued Private Sector Leadership of Reformed ICANN; Membership Adopts Principles for Reform, ITAA 6/26/02
• Internet name body set for landmark vote, CNN 6/26/02
• ICANN Outlines Its Evolution, Wired 6/24/02
• ICANN, Dotted With Doubts, Wash Post 6/20/02
• International management of the Internet and ICANN reform, Consilium 6/5/02
• Overhaul of Net body ahead?, CNN 6/3/02
• Opinion: ICANN Cannibalizes Self, MSNBC 5/31/02
• Critics: ICANN Experiment Has Failed, Internet News 5/31/02
• ICANN President Announces Retirement, Internet News 5/29/02
• ICANN chief to step down, CNN 5/29/02
• INTA releases responses to studies critical of ICANN'S UDRP, INTA 5/15/02
• UK - ICANN and the management of the Internet domain name system, DTI 5/15/02
• Regional Internet Registry Joint Statement on ICANN Evolution and Reform 4/23/2, 5/3/02
• ICANN Seeks Out Dot-Org Operator, Wash Tech 4/24/02
• ICANN warns of domain-dispute scam, CNN 4/15/02
• Computing Group Asks ICANN To Scale Back Mission, Wash Tech 4/3/02
• ICANN re-enacts domain battles, CNET 4/1/02
• Tilting At ICANN, Salon 3/19/02
• ICANN Director Sues For Access To Records, Reuters 3/19/02
• ICANN Be Reformed, ISP Planet 3/19/02
• ICANN Director Sues ICANN Over Financial Record, Wash Tech 3/19/02
• ICANN Has Final Say On Dot-EU Internet Domain, Wash Tech 3/27/02
• ICANN Abolishes Net Democracy, Register 3/15/02
• ICANN fails to resolve at-large election question, cw 3/15/02
• Net oversight body rejects elections, MSNBC 3/15/02
• Should Geeks, Or Governments, Run the Net?, Wash Tech 3/15/02
• Internet overseers reject board member elections, Nando 3/15/02
• ICANN Chief's Proposal Prompts Debate In Ghana, Wash Tech 3/13/02
• Japanese Groups Blast ICANN Restructuring Proposal, Wash Tech 3/13/02
• Net Addressing Authorities Face Governance Decisions, Wash Tech 3/11/02
• ICANN President: Reforms Not Set In Stone, Wash Tech 3/4/02
• ICANN Stepping Up Hunt For New 'Dot-Org' Operator, Wash Tech 3/4/02
• Response to the ICANN reform proposal document, RIPE 3/4/02
• ICANN Chief Calls For Overhaul, Internet News 2/25/02
• ICANN chief seeks major overhaul, MSNBC 2/25/02
• ICANN president calls for major overhaul, CW 2/25/02
• ICANN President Proposes Sweeping Governance Changes, Wash Tech 2/25/02
• Appeals Court Quashes Domain-Name Ban , Newsbytes 2/20/02
• ICANN Board Members Plan Washington Retreat , Wash Tech 2/22/02
• ICANN's Take On New TLDs, ISP Planet 1/24/02
• Net name registrars contest ICANN fees, CNET 1/22/02
• ICANN and Antitrust, SSRN 12/18/01
• ICANN: U.S. Official Says Govt Should Stay Out Of Internet, Wash Tech 11/15/01
• ICANN's Lynn: No New Domains Anytime Soon, IDG 11/23/01
• ICANN Ponders Domain Woes, BWO 11/16/01
• Is ICANN Finding Itself Again?, INews 11/16/01
• ICANN Stifling Public's Voice?, Internet News 10/30/01
• ICANN Finalizes Contract For .Museum Domain, Washtech 10/18/01
• ALSC Chair Defends ICANN Report, Inews 09/01/01
• Public Interest Groups Clash With ICANN, Newsbytes 09/01/01
• Colombia Challenges ICANN For Domain, Newsfactor 6/15/01
• Froomkin: ICANN Survey Is Biased, Register 6/15/01
• ICANN Wraps Up Stockholm Meetings, InternetNews 6/4/01
• ICANN members say Internet not ready for non-English domain names, NAndo 6/4/01
• Defections at ICANN's Support Organization, Standard 6/4/01
• ICANN Struggles With Internet Names, Washtech 6/4/01
• Report Urges ICANN To Broaden Leadership Ranks, Washtech 06/01/01
• ICANN, under fire, targets alternate top-level domains, CW 06/01/01
• ICANN's I Can't Attitude Alienating Internet Community, Internetnews 06/01/01
• Advocates Upset Over Verisign/ICANN Flipflop, InternetNews 5/16/01
• ICANN Gives OK To .Biz, .Info, InternetNEws 5/16/01
• ICANN Proposed Budget Leaked On The Web, InternetNews 5/11/01
• ICANN Approves VeriSign Extension, InternetNews 4/2/01
• ICANN Gives .Com To VeriSign, Newsbytes 4/2/01
• ICANN: We're Ready - New Domain Operators, Newsbytes 3/12/01
• ICANN: Ticking VeriSign Deal Explodes, Newsbytes 3/12/01
• The ICANN meeting in a nutshell, Register 3/14/01
• Start-up will sell Web addresses to bypass Internet bureaucracy, WSJ 3/5/01
• ICANN: Launch Of New Domains Behind Schedule, Reuters 3/5/01
• Fury At ICANN/ VeriSign On .org Domains, Register 3/2/01
• VeriSign sidesteps split-up with ICANN agreement, NWFusion 3/2/01
• Markle Backs ICANN Governance Study, Newsbytes 2/23/01
• ICANN Board Member Seeks More Regulation, Washtech 2/15/01
• ICANN Tethered, IW 2/12/01
• Got a Feeling Inside - ICANN Explain, Ecomm Times 2/12/01
• ACLU calls for public hearings on new top-level domains Jan 19 computerworld
• ACLU Press Release: Citing Free Speech Concerns, Cyber-Rights Groups Call for Hearings on Internet Domain Name Decisions Jan 19 aclu
• ACLU Letter calling for hearings Jan 19 aclu
• The Hacker Who Will Help Steer The Net Nov 3, 2000 infoworld
• Domain Rules To Shield Trademark Holders Oct 31, 2000 ecompany
• Karl Auerbach: ICANN-oclast Oct 16, 2000 salon
• ICANN: The Election Is Over Oct 16, 2000
• Hacker elected to ICANN Oct 16, 2000 usatoday
• Cisco Researcher Elected To Net Panel Oct 12, 2000 sfgate
• ICANN Elects Iconoclasts Oct 12, 2000 wired
• ICANN Adds Democracy To Internet Governance Oct 12, 2000 techweb
• ICANN Elections Under Way Oct 2, 2000 wired
• Voting Begins In ICANN Global Election Oct 2, 2000 newsbytes
• Dyson To Leave, Will Be ICANN's Best Critic newsbytes
• Numeric Domain Name System Launched July 20, 2000 The Register
• GAO Clears ICANN's Legal Underbrush July 7, 2000 The Standard
• Domain Name Solution Causes New Problems, IEEE Computer Oct. 1999 (noting $100 Netsol registration fee)